Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences

Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS) Vol. 31, No. 1 (June 2011), pp. 185-199 Unions and Management: A Case Study of Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Muhammad Shaukat Malik Assistant Professor of Management and Human Resources Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan E-mail: [email  protected] edu. pk A. B. Basit Associate Professor of Economics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Ahmad Kamal Qazi Assistant Manager-Marketing, PTCL, Multan Pakistan. E-mail: [email  protected] com Abstract Unions basically seek to advance the interest of their members.As a principal goal, unions exert a strong influence on individuals, organizations and upon the government to advance the economic and social positions of their constituents. Union play significant role by adopting positions on such public issues as unemployment, job security, opportunity for advancement, tariffs, health care, wages, social security etc. They try to influence the decisions of not only the administra tion of individual organization but also the state legislatures to improve labor laws on variety of issues for welfare of their employees.In addition, unions by performing their fraternal goals provide a sense of belonging for employees to give them a sense of identification and purpose. This paper first traces the historical development of unions with particular references to Pakistan, highlight their merit and demerit, current position in public and private organizations and challenge they are facing at present. Second it examines the role of unions in Pakistan's major institution like Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTCL).It is observed that over the time union is loosing their positions in the world as well as in Pakistan like in PTCL. After privatizations since 2006 the state of the affairs of unions at PTCL are very pathetic. Employees have lost all their hopes that the union will ever work for their well beings. Unions need to review themselves to be accepted by the e mployee and the leaders have to work beyond their personal interests. Unions need to demonstrate a larger social vision as well. Keywords: Unions; PTCL; Collective Bargaining Agent 186 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. Concept of union evolved in 18th century and within hundred years, unions in organization become so strong that they become the most critical variable to be managed by the organizational management. Unions represent the non managerial staff of an organization and work for their rights i-e salary rise, promotions, better working environment and employee safety etc. Sometimes the agenda of unions contradicts with the agenda of management due to which conflict generates and if this issue is not resolved in its early stage, it could result in strikes, shutdowns, police arrests etc.Numbers of international event are evident to this theory. This paper aims to explore union role in the organizations and how they performed in different regimes in different orga nizations of the world and in Pakistan like Pakistan Telecommunication Limited (PTCL). The paper is structured as follows: Following the introduction, section 2. 0 provides literature review about the union’s history, their merits and demerits, their role in public and private organization, their progress in the world and in Pakistan.Section 3 provides an overview of Pakistan Telecom Sector and PTCL. Section 4 provides the methodology used for the study. Section 5 discusses the results of the study in detail and section 6 presents the overall conclusions and our recommendations. I. Introduction II. Literature Review Farbar (2001) defined labor union as â€Å"It is an association of workers who bargain collectively with their employer regarding the terms and conditions of employment†. Akteruzzaman (2006) says that labor unions as â€Å"Labor unions re voluntary associations of workers to promote and protect their interest by collective endeavor and constitute an integr al part of the relationship between the employees and employers†. Whereas, Gomper (2009) has given more comprehensive definition in a way â€Å"that labor union is a group of workers who have organized in order to pursue common work-related goals, such as better wages and benefits, safer working conditions, and greater job security†.By concluding all definitions we can say that labor union is â€Å"Organization whose membership consists of workers and union leaders, and whose principal purposes are to negotiate wages and working condition terms, regulate relations between workers (its members) and the employer, take collective action to enforce the terms of collective bargaining, raise new demands on behalf of its members, and help settle their grievances†. The concept of combined effort by the workers to protect their rights was initiated in 18th century from Britain.According to Mohar (2007), union were initially started in great Britain in 1780 when workers un ited against the Combination Act implemented by the then Prime Minister William Pitt but they did not succeed and faced even more bitter laws like The Gagging Act (1817), Six Acts etc. Relief was started with the introduction of the Master and Servant Act (1867), the trade union act (1871), Conspiracy and property act of (1875), The Employer’s Liability Act (1880).However the unions got their real strength in 1913 after the implementation of Trade Union Act which gave the unions the right to have its subscriptions into a political and a social fund. The trend of unionism in Britain afterwards expanded to USA. Reynolds (2009) says that in Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 187 1860’s political philosophy began to shift toward collectivism and national trade unions gains a real foothold. According to Perlman (1922) point of view, in USA, trade unions really exploded during the nineteenth century with the founding of the first national union, the Nation al Labor Union (NLU).It was created in 1866 and was not exclusive to any particular kind of worker. Next, the Knights of Labor was founded in 1869. Their membership peaked around 700,000 members, with some of their key issues being child labor opposition and demands for an eight-hour day. The most famous American union was probably the American Federation of Labor (AFL), founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers. Afterwards, according to Allen (2005) in contrast to the craft unionism of the AFL, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) founded in 1905. It used violence to promote the cause of unskilled workers.The IWW virtually disappeared after World War I. In 1930s, the strategy of industrial unionism was pushed by John L. Lewis' Committee for Industrial Organizations within the AFL. Founded in 1933, the committee split from the AFL in 1938 as the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). The Second Red Scare after World War II pushed the AFL and CIO into a 1955 merger as the AFL-CIO u nder Lewis' leadership. In Indo-Pak, as reported by Bawa and Hashmi (2010), the concept of collective labor was introduced by Malik Gokhale which was given legal identity through the introduction of Trade Union Act 1926.At that time, two most strong unions working under the influence of National Congress and Socialist Party were Indian Trade Union Congress (INTUC) and Hindustan Mazdur Sabha (HMS). After the inception of Pakistan, the first trade union established in Pakistan was Pakistan Trade Union Federation (PTUF) having ties with INTUC and Mirza Ibrahim as its first President. Candland (2007) narrates the history of unions in Pakistan and say that up till 1952, no much developments were made in unions.In 1952, Pakistan Essential Services Act was promulgated which gave the government right to restrict any trade union and collective bargaining in any industry. First labor policy of government was announced on 15th August 1955, stating the workers to be the partners in industry, bu t no legislation was formulated in this regard. In 1958, General Ayub Khan imposed the martial law and abolished the first labor policy. On 4th February 1959, second labor policy namely Burki labor policy was announced which discouraged the labor unions and allowed the government to directly involves in the resolution of labor disputes.In 1969, labors started pressurizes the military government to get rights of forming trade unions with all powers, The government was ready to give the same rights but this policy could not overcome the unrest among the workers. This unrest among the workers was later cashed by Bhutto and he supported the union leaders. According to Shah (2010), Bhutto formulated the People Labor Federation for organizing the labor and through them he gained the powers which helped him lot to win election and become prime minister. After fall of 188 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1Bhutto government, in 1977 General Zia imposed the martial law and str ictly banned the union’s movement in Pakistan. This ban was partially lifted in the Junego government and later it was completely lifted by Benazir Bhutto in 1989 in her first tenure. Afterwards, more or less same policies were continued by Nawaz Sharif and Benazir in their respective regimes. General Musharraf right from beginning of his regime implemented several strict laws like Industrial Relations Ordinance 2002, Removal from Service (Special Powers) Ordinance, 2000 and other anti labor laws to limit activities of unions.In present Gilani's regime, some reliefs have been given to employees in pursuance of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto policies by announcing Workers Welfare Fund Ordinance, Employees Old-Age Benefit Act, amended Industrial Relations Ordinance with enhanced protection of worker, imposing condition on the authority of employer to terminate workers job etc. These polices are intact till date. Donas(2005) says that unions adopt two means to fulfill their goals. First an d foremost is through collective bargaining with the employer being as a representative of the employees.The second way they adopt is through efforts to influence government legislation. Union’s are working both in public and private sector organizations to protect the rights of employees. According to Edward (1989), currently unions are very strong in public sector. They have greater membership from the public sector organization. Blacnchflower and Bryson (2007) compared the union influence on wage in public and private sector and found that the unions working in public sector are able to get increase in the wage premium for the public sector employees substantially.They are of the view that although union membership in the both public and private sectors has declined, but unions are still more powerful in public sector. In order to avoid the decline in the membership of the unions, now unions are trying different strategies. Hamilton and Anderson (1999) stated that recent t rend among unions is amalgamation. Unions are getting united in order to preserve the membership. According to Fernie and Metcalf (2005), with around 12% of privately employed workers as members, the future for private sector unionization looks black.According to Pantuosco (2008), private sector unionization has lost nearly 4 million members, while public sector unions have sustained the growth they accumulated in the late 1980s and 1990s. Figure 1 Public and Private Union Density 1983-2005 Source: Pantuosco (2008) PP 35 Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 189 Edward (2010) tried to explain the reasons of decline of unions in private sector by stating that public agencies tend to be static in a way that once a union has organized a group of workers they tend to stay organized.By contrast, the private sector is dynamic, with businesses going bankrupt and new businesses arising all the time. Also many public sector organizations are enjoying the status of monopoly an d unions in public sector push for higher pay and higher government spending with little restraint. They do not care if the cost of government services goes up because the burden is borne by someone else. By contrast, private-sector unions are aware that higher costs for employers may result in lost sales and fewer union jobs.Figure 2 Union Member Shares of Employment Source: Edward C. (2010) PP 1 Unions help the employees in lot many ways. Belman and Voos (1993) are of the view that unions typically help employees in raising the wages of the employees they represent. They also help in reducing income inequality within the represented firm, by reducing differentials between low-paid and high-paid diversified work force. Another important benefit of union mentioned by Ghosh et al. (2009) is that it helps to improve job security, working environment and living conditions.According to Morris (2002), trade union act as the protecting sheets against the threats posed by the globalization on the employees. Since globalization require maximum utilization of the employees to compete in the market and in this case only unions will be protecting employees by negotiating the working hours and work load on the employees. Ghosh et al. (2009) says that unions are engaged in a number of welfare activities, such as providing housing and organizing cooperative societies to improve the quality of workers' lives.In short unions restrict management freedom of action, pressurize them for uniformity of treatment, improve personnel policies and provide one plate forum to the employees to deal with management. Unions have some demerits too. According to Sherk (2009), trades unions can cause wages to go above equilibrium through the threat of strikes etc. and trade unions only consider the needs of its members. They often ignore the plight of those excluded from the labor markets, e. g. the unemployed.Also if unions go on strike and work unproductively, it can lead to lost sales and o utput. Another major disadvantage of union is paying the union dues. Most collective 190 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1 bargaining agreements require all employees to support the union financially as a condition of their continued employment. Another important demerit identified by Levine (2001) is that unions generally interfere with efficiency, because they protect unproductive workers, raise costs, distort incentives, and frustrate entrepreneurship.Hunter (1999) is of the view that unionized workers lost their individuality. When a union is certified as the exclusive employee representative in a workplace, employees become members of an overall bargaining unit in which the majority rules. Spear (2003) says that the existence of a union in an industry can result in limited choices regarding hiring new employees or even limiting the potential for dismissal of a poorly performing worker. Though internationally union's role can be seen differently in different cou ntries but its main objectives remains the same i. the welfare of employees working in different organizations. Countries like China even are bowed to allow unions at the work place and unions role/importance is increasing there day by day (Metcalf and Li (2006); Prit, 2007, Ghosh et. al (2009). The effectiveness of union’s role in Pakistan, according to Irfan (2008), has declined over the period. Unions have lost their membership because they failed to protect the rights of the working class.In Pakistan, unions mostly exist in all public sector organizations like Postal Services, WAPDA, Railways, PTCL and other government institutions and are thought to be the major reason of inefficiencies of Pakistan public sector. In private sector though union are found in many organizations but their activities are to some extent limited. A summary of union’s status in Pakistan between 1990 to 2006 is given in Table 1. Table 1 Years Trade Unions membership and Industrial Dispute Total Registered Trader Unions 7080 7027 7185 7273 7426 7349 7355 7356 7382 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Union Membership Total No. f Membership Registered of the Trade Unions reporting Reporting Unions 1763 359633 1441 288803 1834 415768 1685 374731 1718 325677 1718 337617 1594 293530 1534 296257 1478 305340 1493 301104 1356 301332 1260 275646 1201 247539 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Industrial Disputes Number Numbers Number of of of Workers Mandays Disputes Involved Lost 99 65918 186726 94 116306 582694 40 73357 398128 28 17133 404564 25 15434 341196 24 10919 63626 30 18566 203323 30 7865 283342 20 6097 122519 6 3937 182151 4 225 667 4 711 7078 4 516 12160 1 407 0 19 1164 1020 NA NA NA NA NA NA 990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Source: Irfan. M. (2008), Pakistan’s wage structure, PP. 27 Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 191 Decline in the popularity of unions in Pakistan is also witnessed by Rehman (2003). He says tha t in Pakistan, membership in unions is low due to the fear of victimization by employers and the inability to recognize any personal advantage from the unions. The leadership is not effective due to personal rivalries and lack of required skills.Also union movements in Pakistan do not have the due social and political support since the political market has been generally dominated by powerful industrialization elite. Ebbinghaus (2002) is of the view that trade union movements are confronting multiple challenges. The challenges faced by the unions in Pakistan are also very critical. Cunniah (2007), is of the view that neo-liberalism is the biggest challenge for trade unions in Pakistan and is alive even after the establishment of new democratic government.The employers have another weapon at their disposal, the displacement of workers by machinery. Ali (1994) observed that one of the laws that hinders trade union activity is the Essential Services Maintenance Act of 1952 (ESA) (which covers government services and state enterprises, such as energy production, power generation and transmission, the state-owned airline, and ports) and is usually invoked to limit or ban strikes, and is also used to severely curtail collective bargaining rights.Another challenge raised by Somavia (2008) is that Pakistani law is particularly hard on agricultural workers who are denied the right to form unions and are thus prevented from striking, bargaining collectively, or making any demands on their employers. Pakistan trade union membership is very weak at this time. Only 0. 6% of the total workers are organized in the trade unions. About 7392 trade unions are registered in Pakistan which are representing the 2,55,405 members throughout Pakistan.Table 2 Total number of the work force Total numbers of the work force is as follow: Sector Agriculture, Forestry, Hunting & Fishing Mining, Quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, Gas, Water Construction Whole sale & Retailed Trade, Restaur ant & Hotels Transport, Storage & Communication Financing, Insurance, Real Estate & Business Sector Community, Social & Personal Services TOTAL Source: http://www. pakistan. gov. pk/divisions/bstat. pdf Million 18. 35 0. 03 4. 35 0. 26 2. 19 5. 12 1. 91 0. 31 5. 38 37. 9 Percent 48. 42 0. 07 11. 48 0. 7 5. 78 13. 5 5. 03 0. 82 14. 2 100 III. Telecomm Sector of Pakistan and PTCLPakistan has well established telecom sector at present. In 1947, at the time of inception, Pakistan has just 7000 telephone lines. Over the time, under different regimes lots of developments have been taken place to bring this sector at par with world. Under the sectors reforms different companies are allowed to 192 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1 work in Pakistan and new services like ISDN, DSL, CDML, GPRS etc. are offered by PTCL and other mobile companies working in Pakistan. PTA (Pakistan Telecom Authority) since 1994 holds the responsibility to regulate the telecom sector in Pakistan.P TCL has been privatized by selling its 1. 3 billions shares with management rights to U. A. E based company Etisilat since 12th April, 2006. According to Akhtar (2009), Pakistan’s Telecom sector has been gearing up to secure its place in fast developing era of new technologies. The government has been able to foster competition by declaring the telecommunication sector as an industry since 2005. The drive towards competition widened the scope for private and foreign ownership further through the deregulation policy announced in July 2003.From the beginnings of Posts & Telegraph Department in 1947 and establishment of Pakistan Telephone & Telegraph Department in 1962, Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTC) took over operations and functions from Pakistan Telephone and Telegraph Department under Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Act 1991. Pursuing a progressive policy, the Government in 1991, announced its plans to privatize PTCL, and in 1994 issued six million vouch ers exchangeable into 600 million shares. Each had a par value of Rs. 10 per share. These vouchers were converted into PTCL shares in mid1996.In 1995, Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Ordinance formed the basis for PTCL monopoly over basic telephony in the country. The provisions of the Ordinance were lent permanence in October 1996 through Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Act. In the same year, Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited was formed and listed on all stock exchanges of Pakistan. The Government of Pakistan sold 26% shares and control of the company to Etisalat in 2006. The Government of Pakistan retained 62% of the shares while the remaining 12% are held by the general ublic. Since privatization, PTCL profit is declined. Following are the financial highlights of PTCL since its privatization. Table 5 Financial Highlights of PTCL since it Privatization Unit Rs. (m) Rs. (m) Rs. (m) Rs. (m) 2010 57,175 14,281 9294 150768 2009 59,239 14021 9151 154048 2008 66,336 -4463 -2825 140104 2007 71,068 23744 15639 152821 2006 79,411 30974 20777 152240 2005 87,356 39296 26606 136078 Description Revenue Profit/Loss Before Tax Profit/Loss After Tax Total Assets Source: Annual reports of PTCL Currently PTCL has 19 registered unions..The union which is acting as CBA is â€Å"Pakistan Telecommunication employee union† whereas all other unions are non CBA unions. At the time of privatization about 57000 employees were serving PTCL. But after privatization, new management laid off 30,000 employees by giving Voluntarily Separation Scheme VSS. At present Multan Telecomm Region (MTR) covers area from Mian Channu to DG Khan and Rahim Yaar Khan. It is divided into two wings. One wing is of Regional General Manager wing which has 982 employees. Other wing is of GM Technical Multan which has 335 employees.Other than these wings another small wing is of SM Consumer Sales Multan which has 45 employees. So at present total numbers of employees work ing in all wings in Multan region are about 1362. PTCL is taken as case study because it could provide the glimpse of previously public sector organization and now as private sector organization. Unions are working in PTCL since long and had been very strong in past. They have also played crucial role at the time of privatization as well. 194 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1 IV. MethodologyA survey through questionnaires method was used to capture the primary data for this study. The research is done at Multan Region of PTCL. A sample size of 300 employees from different departments of PTCL of all its three wings has been selected by using the random sampling technique. The questionnaire was distributed to each participant in person. Firstly few open ended questions were included to enable participants to express their general opinions regarding PTCL management and union relations and then all close ended questions (Table 5) were asked to have specific answers. The response rate to the questions was 90%.The opinions of the participants are measured by obtaining the respondents extent of agreement with the questions. The extent of agreement was measured through Likert scale ranging from 5= strongly agreed to 1= strongly disagreed. The researchers have tried to find out the facts relating to following research questions. i. ii. iii. What role union played in Telecom Industry over the time (especially in PTCL)? What role union played in PTCL at the time of privatization of PTCL and then after? What is the current role of union in PTCL The questions wise results of the study are described below.Table 5 Summary of response to survey questions. No 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 Statement Are you satisfied with the role of unions before privatization? Do you think that CBA at the time of Privatization has performed his role effectively? Are you satisfied with the role of union currently? Are you satisfied with the role of union to stop layoff of employees after pr ivatization? Does your union take effective actions against the rehiring of voluntarily separated employees? Do you think that the rehiring of voluntarily separated employees was in the best interest of PTCL?Do you think that the pre privatization PTCL was good as compared to Post Privatization PTCL? Do you think that union’s role for Agree% 80 52 75 32 20 30 68% 74% Neither% 10 10 5 16 10 0 5 6 Disagree 10 38% 52% 52% 70% 70% 27% 20% V. Results and Discussions Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 195 10 employee’s job security was better before privatization of PTCL? Are you satisfied with the union’s role towards current working environment of PTCL? 26 10 64% It is evident from the above results that union role in PTCL is diminishing over the time.It played very effective role for welfare and betterment of employees in the past but currently the state of affairs is not very good. Majority of the employees are dissatisfied with their performanc e. At the time of privatization, the role of CBA and UAC (Union Action Committee was very midtrial. They were firstly against privatization and have been fighting for three months and then suddenly one day they accepted privatization deal on term and conditions of the government. Employees feel that monopolistic status of PTCL was in the best interest of customers.Employees are also not so happy with rehiring of employee previously laid off under voluntarily retirement schemes, as they feel that these rehired contractual employees are enjoying dual benefits i-e benefits of retirement and new contracts. They are of the opinion that new hiring if so necessary should be done from youngsters having new skills to manage latest equipment installed in PTCL. Employees also feel that union is not doing any thing for their job security. Job stress created through increased work load is another major problem employees are facing currently.Now lower level employees give more preference to the m anagement for the resolution of their issues instead of unions. Employees have lost their fate that unions would do something for their betterment. Now employees are avoiding joining unions and believe on direct relationship with its management. There was a time when union in PTCL was thought to be the true representative of employees and only way for their growth. But on the critical occasion of privatization of PTCL, VSS and rehiring of VSS opted employees, the betraying role of union and CBA has dissatisfied them lot.The Union has now lost trust of employees. The management is becoming strong day by day through different measures. Some of the union’s representatives either are suspended or transferred, waiting for posting etc. But the union leaders are not paying any attention to their problems. That’s why employee’s commitment with the union has also been reduced. The management has successfully neutralized the power of union by reducing the strength of empl oyees. By lying off about 30,000 employees, management successfully took away the real strength of unions.Now they are trying different tactics in order to create hindrances in the activities of union. These tactics involve dismissing the employees participating in union activities, proper check and balance on the attendance of employees and indulging every employee with high work load. Another recent step taken by management to weaken the unions is giving the non-management employees, the cadre of management. in BPS-17. This conversion of cadre has made almost 3000 196 Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 1 employees unable to talk part in union’s activities.Therefore, a tug of war is going on between the typical government culture already prevailing in PTCL and a corporate culture which the new management is trying to enforce in PTCL. VI. Conclusion & Recommendations Unions in any organization work for the benefits of the employees. The most important roles whic h unions are meant to play are to reduce income inequality, improve working conditions for employees, protecting the rights of the working class, ensure homogenous income to the workers by providing them employment opportunities etc.But over the period of time, unions failed to perform their roles effectively, therefore, they are facing decline in their popularity and membership. Internationally, the trend of unions in organization is diminishing. PTCL is taken as case study because it could provide the glimpse of previously public sector organization and now working as private sector organization. Unions is working in PTCL since long and had played crucial role in its privatization It could provide the perfect information about the unions involvement and recent trends in public and private organization. Now management has upheld the lower level of mployees from the union activities by giving them status of more significance within the organization. Internationally and in Pakistan t oo, unions are very strong in public sector organizations as compared to private sector companies. In Pakistan Telecom Sector, unions exist only in PTCL. In PTCL, union remained very powerful before privatization. But after privatization since 2006, the new management has cut down union power by implementing different polices. The present management has been able to divert unions away from interest of employees by facilitating the top level leaders for their own interests.This thing has sabotaged the image of unions among employees. The employees feel more confident now with the commitment of the management rather than union. Majority of employees of PTCL now feel that leaders are not sincere with them. Employees think that during privatization union did not play its effective role as was expected. They blame that only top leaders of unions have ripe the fruits of employees' efforts but no demand of employees is fulfilled in true sense during privatization process. So these things h ave created mistrust between employees and union.That mistrust was truly endorsed when union call strike for pay rise in 2009 and majority of employees did not participate. Similarly, in 2010 referendum, 30% of the total employees have not participated at all. The management through different tactics is making unions ineffective. Management is not taking direct steps to reduce union’s strength but with indirect measures and back channel diplomacy, they are meeting its ultimate objective to wipe away unions from PTCL. The way union is working on other side, it is not seen too far. Muhammad Shaukat Malik, A. B. Basit, Ahmad Kamal Qazi 197Conclusively saying, union image as the protector of working class has been affected when union leaders use the plate form of union to get the advantage for themselves. Union has made themselves worth less in PTCL due to their own acts. They may not be able to get any support from employees in future. They must have to change the current strate gies and the top leaders have to work beyond their personal interests to regain the powers. They will have to work for the welfare of the employees as past. Otherwise, unions will be simply wiped off from PTCL like it happened in some other organizations hich have been privatized like PTCL. References Akhtar, M. H. (2009). The Impact of Macroeconomic Factors and Policy Issues on Telecom Sector Performance in Pakistan: An Econometric Analysis, Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences. 29(2), 163-174. Akteruzzaman, M. (2006). Globalization: issues and Challenges for Trader Union Movement. The Social Sciences, 1(I), 29-34. 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Bacterial Transformation Lab Report Essay

Backround: The plasmid pGLO contains an antibiotic-resistance gene, ampR, and the GFP gene is regulated by the control region of the ara operon. Ampicillin is an antibiotic that kills E. coli, so if E. coli, so if E. coli cells contain the ampicillin-resistance gene, the cells can survive exposure to ampicillin since the ampicillin-resistance gene encodes an enzyme that inactivates the antibiotic. Thus, transformed E. coli cells containing ampicillin-resistance plasmids can easily be selected simply growing the bacteria in the presence of ampicillin-only the transformed cells survive. The ara control region regulates GFP expression by the addition of arabinose, so the GFP gene can be turned on and off by including or omitting arabinose from the culture medium. Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to understand bacterial transformation, how it occurs, and to make DNA glow. Hypothesis: If the transformed E. coli is mixed with the ampicillin resistance gene, it will be able to grow in the ampicillin plates, but the non-transformed E.coli will not. Materials: Two microcentrifuge tubes 500 uL of ice cold 0.05 CaCl2 E. coli bacteria A sterile plastic loop A sterile P-20 micropipette 10 uL of pAMP solution A timer Ice A water bath 500 uL of Luria broth A spreading rod Four plates Incubator Procedure: Day before lab 1. Streak E. coli host cells for isolation. 2. Prepare six source plates. Day of lab 1. Get two microcentrifuge tubes, which should each contain 200 uL of cold CaCl2 solution. Label one tube with your initials and a (+) and the other tube with your initials and a (-). 2. Transfer 2-4 large colonies using a sterile plastic loop to each microcentrifuge tube and completely resuspend. Do not transfer any agar. Put the tip of the loop into the CaCl2 solution and spin until there is not any cells on the loop. 3. Close each of the tubes and put them in ice. 4. Ask your teacher to use a P-20 micropipette to add pGLO DNA to your transformation mix. 5. Add pGLO DNA to the (+) labeled microcentrifuge tube. 6. Incubate both microcentrifuge tubes on ice for fifteen minutes. 7. Take both tubes out of ice and immediately place in incubator at 42Ù ¥C for 90 seconds. 8. After place both tubes back in the ice for two minutes. 9. Add 200uL Luria Recovery Broth to both microcentrifuge tubes. 10. Let both the tubes rest at room temperature for 10 minutes. 11. During the 10 minutes, get the LB agar and LB+AMP agar plates ready. Mark your plates with the transformation tube mixture to use (+ or -), the lab group names, and the date on the top of the dishes. 12. Add 100ul of the pGLO transformation cell mixture to the center of the agar surface of the corresponding LB agar and LB+AMP plates. 13. Use a sterile plastic loop to distribute the cell suspension evenly on the plate by â€Å"skating† the loop back and forth across the LB agar plate several times. 14. Use the same loop and technique to spread the same cell suspension (+) on the LB+AMP agar plates. Dispose of the sterile loop in a beaker of germicide. 15. Repeat the procedure by spreading the (-) transformation cell mixture to each of the (-) labeled LB and LB+AMP plates. Be sure to use a fresh plastic loop for the ‘None’ transformation mix. 16. Stack your group’s set of plates on top of one another and tape them together. The plates should be left upright position to allow the cell suspension to be absorbed by the agar. 17. Place the plates in an inverted position (agar side on top) in a 37Ù ¥C bacterial incubation oven for overnight incubation (15-20 hrs.). Day after lab 1. Lower the lighting in the room and use a long wave U.V. light to visualize the transformed cells that will glow due to the expression of the green or blue fluorescent proteins. Data: LB+ (Positive Control) LB- (Positive Control) LB/AMP+ (Experimental) LB/AMP- (Experimental) Bacterial Growth lawn lawn 3 colonies No growth Conclusions: The bacteria treated with the pAMP solution developed a resistance to ampicillin and were able to grow on the ampicillin plate. Those that were not treated with the pAMP were not able to grow on this medium. The plates with no ampicillin served as a control to show how the bacteria would look  in normal conditions. Transformation is never fully effective, Only cells that are competent enough are able to take up the foreign DNA. Therefore, the ampicillin+ plates showed less growth that the control plate. Questions: 1. Record your observations about the color and growth (number of colonies) of bacteria on the Petri plates. If you have so much bacterial growth that you can’t count individual colonies, this is referred to as â€Å"lawn.† LB+ (Positive Control) LB- (Positive Control) LB/AMP+ (Experimental) LB/AMP- (Experimental) Bacterial Growth lawn lawn 3 colonies no growth 2. Calculate the transformation efficiency of your transformation experiments. Transformation efficiency refers to the number of cells transformed per microgram (ug) of DNA. The transformation efficiency of my transformation experiments is 0.0125 cells transformed per microgram (ug) of DNA.

Parental Involvement And Parental Participation Education Essay

In the literature, the impressions of parental engagement and parental engagement are frequently non clearly operationalized ( Feuerstein, 2000 ) . The description of ‘parental engagement ‘ has been expanded from engagement of parents at school to include engagement of parents in the instruction of their kids at place ( Smit et Al, 2007 ) . Desforges ( 2003 ) , for illustration, distinguishes two signifiers of parental involvement/ engagement, viz. ‘spontaneous ‘ versus ‘planned. ‘ Whereas the first is bottom-up, the 2nd is more top down and typically concerns intercessions or programmes aimed to work out the job of insufficient or no parental engagement. Epstein ( 1995 ) defines place, school and community partnerships as representing a relationship between â€Å" three major contexts in which pupils live and turn † ( p. 702 ) and in which shared involvements in and duties for kids are recognized. In add-on, Funkhouser and Gonzales ( 1997 ) province that successful partnerships involve the sustained common coaction, support and engagement of school staffs and households at place and at school, in activities and attempts that have a positive consequence on the academic success of kids in school. Because place, school and community represent the major overlapping domains of influence in kids ‘s instruction and development, research workers and practicians call for their coaction as spouses who â€Å" work together to make better plans and chances for pupils † ( Epstein, 1995, p. 701 ) . Socio-cultural research workers define â€Å" community † as a â€Å" community of pattern † – that is, a group of people engaged in an activity driven by common or closely decussate ends and involvements ( Wenger, 1998 ; Wenger, McDermott & A ; Snyder, 2002 ) . In chase of these ends and involvements, they employ common patterns, work with the same tools or resources and utilize specific discourse. Communities constitute societal contexts and significances for larning as people participate in societal patterns. Knowledge is integrated in the making, societal dealingss and expertness of these communities. Furthermore, the procedures of larning and rank in a community of pattern are inseparable. Because acquisition is intertwined with community rank, it is what lets people belong to and set their position in the group. As participants change, their acquisition and their individuality – relationship to and within the group – besides alteration. Theref ore, communities constitute the most powerful learning environments for kids, making potency for their development as kids engage in societal patterns with others. This attack to larning suggests that instructors need to understand their pupils ‘ communities of pattern and admit the acquisition pupils do in such communities ( Saxe, 2002 ; Sfard, 2002 ) . Pulling on communities ‘ financess of cognition can capitalise on cultural diverseness and get the better of any mismatch between pupils ‘ place environments and the civilization of school. McIntyre, Rosebery and Gonzalez ( 2001 ) argue that minority and hapless kids can win in school if schoolroom patterns give them the same advantage that in-between category kids have – direction that puts cognition of their communities and experiences at the bosom of their acquisition. In the position of these research workers, larning mathematics is more than structured individualised knowledge ; it is besides dependent on the societal and cultural state of affairs and values of the scholar. International research points to big differences in the mode in which and extent to which parents are involved in the instruction of their kids. The differences have been found to be associated with, among other things, the societal and cultural background and thereby social-ethnic composing of the school population. The grade and signifier of engagement, harmonizing to Desforges ( 2003 ) , are strongly influenced by societal beginning, educational background of the female parent, material want, the psycho-social wellness of the female parent, turning up in a single-parent household and-but to a lesser extent-ethnicity. The sentiments of the parents sing their function and their degree of trust in their ability to carry through this function have besides been found to be of critical importance ( Symeou, 2001 ; Phtiaka, 2001 ) . Kohl, Lengua and McMahon ( 2000 ) conclude on the footing of a comparing of ‘black ‘ and ‘white ‘ parents in deprived vicinities in th e USA that there are no differences for a figure of facets of parental engagement but decidedly differences for a figure of hazard factors, such as parental instruction and single-parent household. The writers emphasize that the quality of the engagement is more of import than the measure. Driessen, Smit and Sleegers ( 2005 ) conclude that the extent to which the kid is unfastened to parental engagement is the strongest forecaster of parental engagement at place while parental engagement at school depends chiefly on the extent to which instructors invite such engagement. Sheldon ( 2002 ) points to the importance of the size of the societal webs of parents as an of import forecaster of parental engagement. The treatment in the earlier subdivisions of the survey shows the paradigm displacement that has occurred with respects to seeing instruction as non merely the primary duty of either the parents or the school. What emerges, hence, is acknowledgment of the mutuality among parents, schools, and the community to foster a common goal-that is, the proper instruction and conveying up of kids, a undertaking that is clearly womb-to-tomb in nature ( Ndahayo and Gaikwad, 2004 ) . In fact, a good figure of research point to the fact that kids do better when there is an integrating of attempts between their parents and the school ( for illustration, see Pleyvak and Heaston, 2001 and Ndahayo and Gaikwad, 2004, among others ) . Harmonizing to the Scots Inspectorate of Education ( 2006 ) , the close working relationships between parents and schools help to develop kids ‘s larning attitudes, therefore doing them more capable of accomplishing their full potency. At the same clip, parental engagement ensures that instructors have a clearer and better apprehension of the kids ‘s household fortunes and personal accomplishments and traits. Parents are similarly benefited by this agreement because now they are in a better place to understanding what their kids larn, how good they are acquiring along in category and with friends and, most significantly, how they can lend positively to back up such larning in their ain place. Clear communicating channels between parents and instructors allow them address issues and concerns rapidly and efficaciously, so as to minimise their negative impact on the kids. Parents play an of import function in assisting their kid foster a positive attitude towards athleticss, as they are the 1s who can act upon future athletics activity picks ( Kanters, 2008 ) . Parents have besides come to see their kids ‘s engagement in competitory athleticss as a cardinal constituent in their overall socialisation. It is non merely the school that portions the load of duty with parents in the proper instruction of kids. For illustration, the UK authorities has besides already recognized the fact that doing kids larn the importance of regular physical activity in relation to good wellness has to be tackled even at the policy doing degree ( Hemming, 2007 ) . This recognizes that society has to step in and do compulsory certain facets of the proper instruction of kids to ease their development, because parents and schools can merely travel so far without holding a unvarying and effectual model to work with in implementing their programs and plans for wellness act ivities ( Hemming, 2007 ) . The fact that bulk of the school-based wellness enterprises launched in the UK in the past few old ages represents an of import paradigm displacement: the accent on developing a immature population that is physically active and healthy is no longer the exclusive duty of parents and persons, but of the school system every bit good. Epstein ( 1995 ) said that the theoretical account of overlapping domains of shared influence among the three major contexts where pupils learn and grow-the household, school and community-can be drawn together or pushed apart, depending on the collaborative model that is established among them. This theoretical account locates the pupil at the centre of acquisition, and so all attempts are geared towards assisting them advancement in their instruction and socialisation. Padavick ( 2009 ) noted that one of the most of import factors for the successful academic public presentation of kids is the engagement of parents in their acquisition. His survey presented an thorough analysis of relevant literature that surrounds the thought of parental engagement in the raising procedure of kids, along with the assorted theoretical constructs that have attempted to specify merely what parental engagement agencies in such a context. He wrote that parental engagement emerged as a construct in the learning procedure of the kid in 1890s, when the demand to specify the relationship between parents and schools became evident. Parent/teacher associations were the first establishments that linked the parent to the school. Later on, this led to the engagement non merely of educational governments in the attention and upbringing of the kid, but besides of the province. The US federal authorities began to pay more attending to the different plans that can lend to the positi ve development of the kids and the household, by tapping into the resources and activities of the school. The consequence of such engagement, nevertheless, turned out to be unfortunate, because the parents easy delegated the opportunity-or undertaking, depending on how one perceives the matter-to usher their kids ‘s acquisition to the school governments and to the authorities. Because of the lesser accent that was given to their existent aid in determining the educational accomplishment of the kids, parents took on a more inactive engagement in the surveies of the latter ( Padavick, 2009 ; Wright, Tim, 2009 ) . This mellow attitude of the parents can be traced to changing perceptual experiences of the parents and the instructors with respects to the extent of parental engagement of the former in their kids ‘s instruction. Clearly, meaningful relationships can merely be built if both parties understand the importance of their common engagement in the upbringing and instruction of the kid. Parents tend to believe that one time they have provided financially for the instruction of their kids, their function in the educational procedure has already been satisfied ( Flakes, 2007 ) , but this is far from the truth. Parents really have the lasting duty non merely to care for the kid but besides to educate him or her continuously, such that they could non wholly depute the undertaking of instruction to the instructors in school. Students benefit from this agreement because they can still demo successful academic accomplishment despite other factors that can function to draw down the same, if and when parents are able to demo active support throughout their early educational old ages. The impression of parental engagement in the instruction of kids is important because it will demo the extent to which parents are responsible for the latter ‘s instruction. It can function as the threshold boundary for indicating out where the duty of school decision makers, instructors and society starts. It is through their active engagement that parents show their echt involvement non merely in the development of their kid, but besides in their academic accomplishment and schooling ( Padavick, 2009 ) . Parental behaviour is of import in instilling the first survey wonts of the kid because it is the parents who foremost set up the demand to hold appropriate survey and drama times, every bit good as giving encouragement and motive for them to make their prep and other school-related activities. Therefore, they set up non merely the outlooks that their kids must endeavor for, but besides familiar modus operandis that would assist the latter focal point on their surveies and better academic public presentation subsequently on ( Cotton and Wikelund, 1989 as cited in Padavick, 2009 ) . Motivation is an of import facet of acquisition because it is what pushes the scholar to really absorb the lessons that he or she learns in school and to utilize it along with other old cognition and accomplishments. Motivation allows for the different edifice blocks of larning to go one incorporate whole, therefore determining the kid ‘s experiences and positions. Any sort of larning requires a good sum of motivation-both from the portion of the pupil to whom the information will be given, and from the portion of the instructor who is expected to supply the necessary input to jump-start the acquisition procedure. Therefore, it is besides of import to look at how motive affects the quality and velocity of the acquisition procedure, and to see how to increase such motive particularly on the portion of the pupil. For illustration, LiuolienA- and MetiA «nienA- ( 2006 ) have noted that motive in 2nd linguistic communication ( L2 ) larning research has received much attending in the past decennary, particularly motivational theories in drama inside the L2 schoolroom. Research workers agree that motive plays a critical function in the scholar ‘s accomplishment, if merely because the impulse to larn is coming from an internal, non an external, beginning. So powerful is motive that it can really be harnessed to overrule other larning factors such as linguistic communication aptitude, to impact the pupil ‘s public presentation in both negative and positive ways. But parents are non the end-all and be-all of the instruction of their kids. Even as school boards and decision makers try to prosecute the parents of their pupils in meaningful working relationships to better the behaviour and academic public presentation of the latter, it is still of import to observe that the motive to larn is non supplied merely by the parents. Such relationships would take to a more incorporate attack in raising the saloon of outlooks and accomplishments that a kid could achieve. Therefore, it appears from the research that it is the instructors who foremost initiate the constitution of a working relationship between the parents, school, and society at big ( Padvick, 2009 ) . There is accent on the fact that parents can travel out of inactive support for their kids ‘s instruction to taking a more proactive function in the latter ‘s development, to the point that they become â€Å" life-long coachs † who are willing to maintain unfastened lines of communicating with the instructors of their kids so that increased academic public presentation may be achieved ( Padavick, 2009 ) . Home-schooling parents may be the lone exclusion to the regulation in the sense that they do non hold to organize with their kid ‘s instructors to supervise and better the former ‘s academic public presentation. But the kid will non remain homeschooled everlastingly. For this intent, it is of import that home-schooling parents recognize that they may hold to portion the load and the privilege of holding joint influence over their kid ‘s instruction with his or her instructors in the hereafter. Majority of the literature points to the fact that there is a deficiency of sufficient parental engagement in determining the educational public presentation of the kid ( Padavick, 2009. Therefore, it is of import to understand the outlooks and parts that each stakeholder-parent, instructor or community-can spring to the positive development of kids. This is of import because merely when ends and involvements of all the parties concerned are established can earnest attempts to an integrating of schemes be made. Of class, every instructor would desire non merely a motivated pupil, but besides a pupil who has the benefit of a good family-school-community partnership to back up his successful academic accomplishment. The job, nevertheless, is that there is a deficiency of co-ordinated attempts among these three spouses in procuring the proper development of the kid. In this respect, the instructors can really utilize some aid in making effectual schemes that can construct meaningful partnerships between them and the parents and communities of the pupils and convert them to be more actively involved in the kids ‘s acquisition. Parental attitudes in larning impact on how their kids view instruction every bit good, and they can therefore be used as an of import tool for manipulating and increasing the kids ‘s involvements in their ain surveies Hill, Nnenia ( 2009 ) . However, possibly because of their occupations or their household duties, parents have been giving lesser attending to their kids ‘s acquisition procedure. Therefore, it is the instructors who must make ways and agencies to make out to the parents and convert them to take on a more active portion in the educational enterprises of the kids. For illustration, instructors have to efficaciously convert the parents non to go excessively intimidated with the school environment and the instructors who take over their kids ‘s instruction Hill, Nnenia ( 2009 ) . Parents do non ever experience welcome or needed in the learning procedure of their kids, so this may be one ground why they would instead withdraw to the out of boundss, so to talk. This serves as the individual biggest barrier that stops the parents and instructors from acquiring across to one another to construct a meaningful relationship that will profit the kids the most and guarantee their uninterrupted instruction and development. Snowflakes ( 2007 ) farther noted other grounds why parents do non collaborate with the instructors in guaranting the high educational accomplishment of their kids, particularly among parents of kids who belong to minority groups. There is a deficiency of general trust in the educational establishments, uncomfortableness in talking to the instructors, and a inclination to compare the examining inquiries of the instructors to disrespect. In this respect, it is of import for instructors to assist parents experience at place in the working relationship and to promote their engagement in a positive mode. This can merely be done if both parties know how much each one can lend to the development of the kid, in order to complement the other in the best manner possible. But the working relationship is uncomplete without the active engagement of the 3rd of import factor-the community ( Epstein 2001 ) . The overlapping domains of influence that Epstein ( 2001 ) had identified are situated in such a manner that the kid is found at the centre. The community is every bit of import as either of the other two factors because it can really function to beef up impressions that relate on the extent of the function of the household and the school in the upbringing of the kid. For illustration, Corner and Haynes ( 1997 ) noted that the deficiency of working relationship between parents and instructors in some inner-city vicinities in the United States have been intensified because of the unreal differentiations that society has created between the two. Society says that the school is responsible merely for the academic acquisition of the kid, while the household has sole power over the kid ‘s emotional and moral development. This categorised system of acquisition has someway prevented parents and instructors from making out to one another in order to make meaningful partnerships directed at bettering their kids ‘s holistic instruction. The truth of the affair is that kids do non halt larning wherever they may be ( Corner and Haynes 1997 ) . They do conveying their cognition from either place or school into the other. Therefore, it is of import to make a seamless larning environment between the place and the school in order to assist incorporate the kid ‘s cognition and acquisition experiences. This is where the community comes into the image. By supplying policies and plans that can beef up the parent-teacher relationship, the community can lend to the positive development of the kid. Epstein ( 2001 ) wrote that portion of the end of the working relationship is to make a â€Å" family-like school † or â€Å" school-like policy † , constructs that conveying together the best that each acquisition sphere has to offer. Abromitis ( 2009 ) likewise noted that with the community supervising the coordination of attempts between parents and instructors, effectual sharing of resources is possible. For illustration, schools can supply parents and their kids easy entree to community resources and services that they may necessitate in order to hike the latter ‘s academic public presentation. Smit, Driessen, Sluiter and Sleegers ( 2007 ) have investigated the types of parents and school schemes to make en effectual partnership. The consequences of this survey showed that parents in white schools support the instructors on activities ; these parents are represented as protagonists. On the other manus, parents that are non in the non-minority group and evidently with high societal position ever have a say in school affairs. These parents act as politicians. In contrast, schools with a batch of pupils that is disadvantaged, parents are given small or no attending in a say for school affairs. There is a constriction in white schools for parents that have no clip to back up the activities. These parents are career parents. On the other manus, there is a constriction in black schools as the parents here do non comprehend themselves as qualified in take parting in assorted school activities. These parents are labeled as absentee parents. It is farther shown in the research that strategies that are parallel with the different types of parents can be identified in school squads in order to recognize effectual partnership dealingss. Meyer, Armstrong-Coben and Batista ( 2005 ) described a theoretical account of community-academic partnership in New York City. The partnership included paediatric occupants and Alianza Dominicana, Inc. , a community based societal service organisation. The end of the partnership was to advance child wellness and development in the community. Harmonizing to the 2000 nose count, 72 % of the community served described themselves as Dominican. The community was located in a rural country with economically disadvantaged working category occupants. Meyer et Al. ( 2005 ) reflectively described four rules that lead to the success of this culturally diverse partnership. First, a trusting relationship was established among university module, paediatric occupants and community occupants. The relationship took old ages to develop because of misconceptions between the paediatric occupants and the community. The community perceived university module as the â€Å" Ivory Tower † and the paed iatric occupants as â€Å" chesty and omniscient † . The paediatric occupants perceived the community as destitute and deficient assets. Initially, the paediatric occupants did non see the assets within the community. Therefore, the message was to abandon prejudices in order to hold a positive working relationship. This was achieved through preparation Sessionss led by community leaders and module members. Community leaders bit by bit gained leading functions within the medical residence plan. Next, the constitution of specific defined ends was determined. The formation of the board of managers, dwelling of representatives from the community, module and occupants, was the 3rd rule and the last rule taking to the success of the partnership was unfastened communicating utilizing a common linguistic communication. The creative activity of a common linguistic communication was developed through â€Å" Narrative Lunches † , an activity for occupants and community members to speak about cultural differences in an unfastened duologue ( Meyer et al. 2005 ) . Buttery and Anderson ( 1999 ) published a synthesis and literature sing the kineticss between the parents, community and school. In drumhead, they emphasized that interaction between and among places and school are really important for constructing a acquisition environment. The United States has stood long before the publicity of instruction in kids every bit good as the publicity of parental partnership with the community for the overall growing of kids. This will further heighten the effectivity of the schools. Smit and Driessen ( 2005 ) published a survey sing the importance of instruction as a requirement in the engagement of parents every bit good as the instructors in the intercultural jobs at school and in the society. However, in most instances, there underlies a deficiency in communicating. It has been suggested that instructors and parents should be more cognizant of the fact that they need each other in pass oning better sing the pedagogical jobs particularly at place and school. Besides, they need to pass on in incorporating their part to the kids ‘s upbringing and instruction. Boaduo, Milondzo and Adjei ( 2009 ) conducted a survey sing parent-community engagement in school administration and its consequence on instructor ‘s effectivity and betterment on the public presentation of the scholars. The survey was conducted in primary and secondary schools in Botswana. The careworn decision from this said survey is that in schools wherein parents and community engagement is really seeable, instructors are effectual and contributes to the pupils ‘ positive behaviour and their public presentations ‘ improved. Coleman and Hutchens ( 1995 ) conducted a predicted survey of administrative and teacher variables sing their communicating in early childhood instruction. Four 100s eighty three preschool instructor samples were studied. Consequences of multiple arrested development analysis showed that the features of early childhood scene that is associated with administrative determination contributes chiefly in explicating the discrepancy of how frequently parents and instructors communicate. Kilpatrick, Johns and Mulford ( 2003 ) conducted a survey sing the development of community partnerships in larning in the rural communities. It was concluded in this survey that the attack to school-community relationship is really important to the long-run opportunities of success. A tactical attack affecting a series of tactics or speedy holes, or a strategic attack concentrating merely on peculiar countries of failing and schemes to turn to these countries, are non as likely to be every bit successful as on-going capacity constructing originating from a sense of shared school-community vision for the hereafter. At the same clip, it must be recognized that edifice of school-community partnerships occurs over clip, and leading procedures must admit and construct on this. It is aimed of holding a school and community that have a sense of bureau ; that is, an ability to move purposefully in chase of ends, to self-regulate, and to larn and alter as and when they decide it is in their corporate involvements to make so. In a similar survey by Goos, Lowrie and Jolly ( 2007 ) , wherein Australia is the topic, they have explored the originating research on educational partnership between households, schools and communities. The partnership ‘s impacts in larning diverseness in kids ‘s numeracy and acquisition were studied. It was concluded in this survey that in the field of place, school and community partnerships there is no consistent understanding about the significance of the footings â€Å" partnerships † , â€Å" parent engagement † and â€Å" community engagement † . Many different sorts of activities fall within this field. In add-on, the stakeholders in these connexions between place, school and community may keep conflicting perceptual experiences about numeracy, and about their functions and the functions of other stakeholders. In analyzing effectual partnerships in numeracy instruction, the importance of relationships, common trust, and regard developed over an drawn-out period of clip was a subject that emerged from our instance survey analysis. This indispensable good will can non be created wholly by support or targeted plans, and plans such as the Mobile Pre-school Pilot Program and Distance Education in rural Australia owe their success to a long history of cooperation and joint endeavor centered on the public assistance and instruction of kids, their households and communities. It was besides notable that some of the most effectual partnerships we identified for our instance surveies were non initiated as numeracy plans but took a more holistic attack ( cf Hexter, 1990 ) . The research indicates that constructing strong home-school-community partnerships around kids ‘s acquisition in general can put the basis for numeracy-specific acquisition. In culturally diverse communities we would propose that partnership edifice is of paramount importance, and should continue – or at least accompany – the debut of educat ional plans that seek to originate kids into numeracy patterns that are valued but different from those of their place civilization. Plenty of grounds was found that parents truly care about their kids ‘s instruction, it was every bit clear that non all parents want to be actively involved in all facets of schooling and many see their function as chiefly a supportive 1. Possibly the most productive manner forward is to concentrate on what each participant – parent, instructor, community member – can convey to the partnership that will do best usage of their diverse expertness, backgrounds, and involvements in back uping the kid ‘s numeracy acquisition. Dhingra, Manhas and Sethi ( 2007 ) examined the parents ‘ engagement of parents in school related activities. Further, it listed the assorted agencies of communicating being used by parents to get information sing the kids ‘s public presentation and suggestion on bettering the relationship between schools and parents. It was found that parental engagement in schools was limited. Very few of them were members of regulating commission or acted as resource individuals. Whenever there was incidence of engagement male parents exceeded in Numberss. Parents were largely concerned about the academic public presentation of their wards. Majority of female parents visited schools on a regular footing to cognize about their kid ‘s public presentation. The issues of treatment were chiefly behavior of the kid and general school public presentation. However, parents used varied beginnings to garner information about kid related issues and the most normally used medium was school d airy ( 71 % ) followed by parent instructor meeting ( 50 % ) , school magazine etc. Another national survey explored passage patterns ( Early, Pianta, Taylor, & A ; Cox, 2001 ) and examined the hypothesis that school-centered passage patterns had three features: 1 ) provided outreach to households, preschools, and communities ; 2 ) looked back in clip to do connexions before kid entered school ; and 3 ) provided activities of appropriate strength. Using informations from the National Center for Early Development and Learning ( NCEDL ) Transition Practices Survey ( stratified, random sample of over 10,000 kindergarten instructors ) , research workers described passage patterns and identified passage barriers. Between-group comparings were conducted from over 3,500 questionnaires. Main findings showed that instructors with preparation in passage activities made attempts to vary activities. Delaies in obtaining category lists created barriers to optimal passage pattern. Besides, schools need to make ready environments instead than keeping high outlooks of single kids à ¢â‚¬Ëœs school preparedness. Jewett et Al. ( 1998 ) engaged in a narrative survey of four simple instructors to understand what is involved in efficaciously back uping school preparedness ( i.e. , passage ) of kids with particular demands. Research workers used informations from instructors ‘ brooding diary Hagiographas from April to December 1996. Consequences were categorized into five passage undertakings. A subject of stressfulness emerged based on many challenges for instructors. Research workers suggested schools must admit instructors ‘ overpowering duty and aid in relieving stressors by supplying extra support and resources. Another Head Start survey explored instructors and kids as co-creators of behaviours characterized as at hazard or promise as kids transitioned to kindergarten. Researchers conducted an ethnographic survey in 1993 that included observations over a 6-month period at a local Head Start/Transition Demonstration site. Skinner, Bryant, Coffman, and Campbell ( 1998 ) followed 21 pupils in the mark group through kindergarten. Field notes were analyzed which revealed grounds that even in the first hebdomads of school, instructors and preschoolers showed marks of co-constructing patterns that moved kids onto a way of school failure. Issues of race and civilization became portion of the discourse and co-construction. Teachers held unrealistic outlooks to â€Å" repair † the at hazard kid. Traditional learning environments did non back up kids ‘s ongoing development whereas those who spent more clip and energy pulling out kids ‘s single strengths co-created concepts of promis e. Ethnographers acknowledged that kids ‘s academic promise was a joint duty of schools, places, communities, and larger society. The offering of chances for parents to take part in the instruction of their kids has been found to exercise a positive influence on the cognitive development and accomplishment of students ( Boethel, 2004 ; Driessen & A ; Smit, 2007 ; Epstein et Al, 2002 ) . However, a few surveies show no effects of such chances ( Mattingly, Prinslin, McKenzie, Rodriguez & A ; Kayzar, 2002 ) . Parental engagement is besides frequently considered one of the most of import constituents or features of effectual schools ( Driessen, Smit & A ; Sleegers, 2005 ) . In add-on to the positive effects of parental engagement on the school accomplishment of kids, positive effects on the societal operation of students have besides been found in assorted surveies. This involves facets of the behaviour of students, their motive, societal competency, the dealingss between instructors and students, and the dealingss among the students themselves ( Boethel, 2003 ; Henderson & A ; Mapp, 2002 ; Jordan, Orozco & A ; Ave rett, 2001 ) . Meyer, Armstrong-Coben and Batista ( 2005 ) described a theoretical account of community-academic partnership in New York City. The partnership included paediatric occupants and Alianza Dominicana, Inc. , a community based societal service organisation. The end of the partnership was to advance child wellness and development in the community. Harmonizing to the 2000 nose count, 72 % of the community served described themselves as Dominican. The community was located in a rural country with economically disadvantaged working category occupants. Meyer et Al. ( 2005 ) reflectively described four rules that lead to the success of this culturally diverse partnership. First, a trusting relationship was established among university module, paediatric occupants and community occupants. The relationship took old ages to develop because of misconceptions between the paediatric occupants and the community. The community perceived university module as the â€Å" Ivory Tower † and the paed iatric occupants as â€Å" chesty and omniscient † . The paediatric occupants perceived the community as destitute and deficient assets. Initially, the paediatric occupants did non see the assets within the community. Therefore, the message was to abandon prejudices in order to hold a positive working relationship. This was achieved through preparation Sessionss led by community leaders and module members. Community leaders bit by bit gained leading functions within the medical residence plan. Next, the constitution of specific defined ends was determined. The formation of the board of managers, dwelling of representatives from the community, module and occupants, was the 3rd rule and the last rule taking to the success of the partnership was unfastened communicating utilizing a common linguistic communication. The creative activity of a common linguistic communication was developed through â€Å" Narrative Lunches † , an activity for occupants and community members to speak about cultural differences in an unfastened duologue ( Meyer et al. 2005 ) . Some of the literature beginnings advised that the determination about the precise nature of parent engagement must take into history cultural, cultural and category differences every bit good as fluctuations related to the age and gender of scholars ( Fullan, 2001 ) . Furthermore, Shaeffer ( 1994 ) is of the sentiment that in finding what conditions parent-community engagement is most good we have to understand the different signifiers of parent-community engagement and their effects for the school, the scholar and other forces in the whole school system. The ground provided by Shaeffer and others is that certain signifiers of engagement produce positive consequences while others may be uneconomical or wholly antagonistic productive ( Anderson, 1991 ; Shaeffer, 1994 ) . Leadership processes in order to convey approximately and back up sustainable alteration within educational scenes ( e.g. Mulford, 2003 ; Lambert, 1998 ; Sergiovanni, 1994 ) . Leithwood ( 1994 ) and Silins & A ; Mulford ( 2002 ) argue that transformational leading facilitates effectual school reform. Transformational leading patterns of school leaders include the development of a widely shared school vision and collaborative civilization, furthering the committedness and capacity of staff, administering duty for leading, and back uping coaction with appropriate resourcing. These impressions of leading are supported in the community development literature ( e.g. Henton, Melville & A ; Walesh, 1997 ; Langone & A ; Rohs, 1995 ; Chrislip & A ; Larson, 1994 ) . Other elements or edifice blocks for effectual schoola?’community partnerships are summarized by Schorr ( 1997 ) , who found that successful plans: are non mandated by policy but respond to community demands ; rely on the co mmunity ‘s ain resources and strengths ; pull extensively on outside resources for support, proficient expertness and to act upon policy ; and are based on strong relationships based on common trust and regard which are sustained by institutional support. Schorr ( 1997 ) besides noted that successful schoola?’community partnerships have a long-run orientation and go on to germinate over clip. Other factors identified in the literature as act uponing the school-community partnership include size of the school and community and propinquity of the school to the community, continuity of resources, and the importance of promotion and bipartisan communicating ( Carlsmith & A ; Railsback, 2001 ; CRLRA, 2001 ; Miller, 1995 ; Combs & A ; Bailey, 1992 ) .

Caffeine effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Caffeine effect - Essay Example Black tea brewed for 4 minutes has 40-100 milligrams. Green tea has one-third as much caffeine as black tea.† (Definition of Caffeine) The purpose of this essay is to make a reasonable assessment on the subject matter, sighting the roles of Caffeine in the lives of human being, but primarily the essay would focus on its effect, that is the Caffeine effect as the main topic, while my Research will be tagged as ‘The positive and negative effect of Caffeine to the human life. What ever God in his infinite mercy given to human being, does not primarily given to have negative effects, unless probably while applying it, then people will begin to make misuse of it, and finally reflect back to them the way they have applied it hitherto. To this end, to begin with sighting positive effects which Caffeine brings to our health. Research has shown that one of the positive effects of Caffeine is that, is increased Human Behavior, especially when an individual consume a little of it, and avoiding over consumption. According to a Research performed in the Cardiff University, at the Center of Health Psychology, of the School of Psychology, researchers have pointed out some key positive effects of Caffeine to human’s health. (The literature suggests that the following effects on behavior of adult humans may occur when individuals consume moderate amounts of caffeine. (1) Caffeine increases alertness and reduces fatigue. This may be especially important in low arousal situations (e.g. working at night). (2) Caffeine improves performance on vigilance tasks and simple tasks that require sustained response†. (Effects of caffeine on human behavior). Other positive effects of Caffeine to human health include that, as one of the key ingredients of the coffee is Caffeine, thus its gives human being a very good stimulant to the nervous system. Additionally, Caffeine also helps to remedy the cool negative effects to human’s health, diuretics, aspirin, and it’s

Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Case Study - Assignment Example From the increasing sales that are being made from mobile commerce, it is quite evident that in the coming years a large percentage of all sales that occur in a particular country will be online. This is due to advancements that are being made in the technological world from smart phones to computers and even tablets. In future people all over the world will seem to be so busy working such that time for shopping is limited hence they will be obliged to do over the internet. As computer knowledge increase from generation to generation, there will be more conversance with these electronic devices and this will also raise the percentage rate of increase of mobile commerce. Through online buying, one can select a wide range of goods and services from foodstuffs to banking services hence saving time of having to move from place to place. Companies that involve mobile commerce such as OLX continue to build their routes because it is evident that the future of business is dependent on onlin e shopping due to studies done by Ipos indicating that the percentage of online shopping continues to increase over the years (Chen & Lee 33). The Edward Jones is a big company situated in the USA and it offers financial help to its customers through advising them on how to invest their money in the best way. It has been established strongly for many years because of managing properly the techniques they use to handle their customers. Although the company management interacts with its clients over the internet and other social media, it cannot do its business activities online. This is because it has branches all over Canada and USA hence they can easily be physically reached. It is also a risky business to do money transactions to people that are met over the internet hence the obligation for face to face encounter (Chen & Lee 37). However the use of internet makes their messages reach a wide range of potential customers who may be looking for their

Parti5-comments2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Parti5-comments2 - Essay Example A good cause and effect essay should move beyond establishing what the two parts are, and should also make an argument for why the cause and effect are directly related. The purpose of a cause and effect essay is to make an argument, not just to describe a process. The writer should prove the relationship of the cause and effect, and therefore have a thesis in the essay. The writer can’t just tell the reader the focus of the essay, because having a focus or purpose that is solely to explain a cause and effect will leave the reader disinterested. Overall, asking questions about the cause and effect process is a good way to develop the essay, but answering those questions persuasively is even more important. The reader dos not just want to know the reason why the effect happened is because of the cause, but also if there are alternative causes or alternative effects that may disprove the usual idea of any cause and effect. The essay should not just analyze or inform, but should convey an argument and prove to the reader that the cause and effect are

Family images Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Family images - Essay Example th family issues unquestionably do grave harm to the image of family simply because they present an inadequate or even a deformed and a wrong outlook on the relationships between family members. Besides focusing on the failure of the marital enterprise, family problems such as infidelity, sexual activity outside of marriage, and the absence of an ethical and a religious vision of the marriage are omnipresent in all American magazines treating family issues. If we give a glance at most of the online American magazines that are so interested in the image of the family, we will find that the most recurrent theme is divorce. Nevertheless, there is always a tendency to present an ideal and a prototypical family for the common audience. In the Focus On The Family, an American family is introduced as being so happy and faithful to the teachings of Christianity. The daughter, who was trying to catch some fish is disappointed and is therefore asked to put her whole trust in God. â€Å"In my bewilderment, I realized that God was pursuing my daughter, wooing her heart with His indescribable grace. For years, I had been trying to say and do all the right things to prod her closer to God. But it was Samanthas heavenly Father, not her earthly one, who caused her to trust Him. Just as He filled the nets of two Galilean brothers long ago†¦ He sent a fish to my daughters line — and fed her growing faith.†1 While some American magazines try to help parents better guide their children to the right path, other magazines endeavor to organize American families lives by encouraging children to study well, eat healthy diets and have sufficient sleep. Such American magazines are targeting fresh couples who have just got initiated in marital life. â€Å"We believe that every child has the potential to succeed in school and in life! Our individualized program is tailored to each student’s needs, finding and addressing the gaps in student skills. Call today for a tutoring solution that

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example This type of leadership employs the principle of "management by exception", which simply means that if something is operating to expectations, it needs no further attention. However, when expectations are exceeded, a citation is conferred; disciplinary or corrective sanctions are applied for performance below expectations. Transactional Leadership is therefore a contingency-based management style where reward or punishment is dependent on performance (Changing Minds.org, 2009). Transformational leadership on the other hand presupposes leadership by inspiration. Vision and passion are incumbent upon the leader in order to engage followers. Enthusiasm and energy are the fuel by which the leader-follower relationship thrives on. Transformative leaders create followers, by carefully building trust through personal integrity, which is a decisive element of the relationship. "Transformational leaders sell themselves as well as the vision." (Changing Minds.org, 2009) The great English statesman, orator and journalist Winston Churchill exhibited the dominant traits of a transformative leader. His fortitude and resolve helped propped the British nation and the Allied forces in the face of relentless and aggressive of the German-led Axis alliance during the Second World War.

Evaluation of disciplinary interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluation of disciplinary interview - Essay Example So I had to discard my initial strategy of being passive and straight away adopt assertive manner to explain my reasons. The most important factor that favoured me was that the interviewer was ready to listen to my reasons with open mind. It was for these reasons that I was able to satisfactorily explain my erratic timekeeping. The open disposition of the interviewer greatly helped to ease my tension. The manager’s understanding of human behaviour greatly facilitated my strategy to come to the desired outcome. All through the interview, I never felt threatened. But the mild rebuke from the manager about my not being open with him regarding my personal problems and timely communication of the same was justifiable. Though, he was quite sympathetic about my child’s health problem, he informed me gently that he too is a father but at the same time, being a manager, he is also accountable for his workers performance as well as for their welfare. Had I discussed my problems with him, I would have better managed my office and personal life. Indeed, I was let off with warning that any future late hours would be treated as such and no leverage would be given. The feedback was an important proceeding that comprised of open class discussion of my role play video. The peer observation was the highlight of the interview. I was informed that the first assumption of the manager about my late coming had really taken me by surprise and I had no alternative but to become assertive to maintain my credibility. I had also maintained respect for my manager that had shown through my facial expression and non verbal behaviour. My manager was very open minded and empathetic that had helped me to be frank and discuss my personal problems. The attitude and behaviour of the manager inspired trust which became the major element of facilitating satisfactory outcome of the interview. The manager’s assertion that effective communication helps to solve problem

Critical analysis of assessment strategies and practice in the Essay

Critical analysis of assessment strategies and practice in the workplace - Essay Example The ability to pass that knowledge to other is extremely beneficial if the knowledge is to cause an impact. This calls for skilful verbal skills. This is because a student must have the ability to communicate with teachers, colleagues and clients or patients, (Banta, 2007, p57). There are moments that a direct discussion with a patient helps to make some procedures much easy, (Nicklin, and Kenworthy, 2000, p142). This should also be matched with the ability to consult is a verbal way freely and confidently. It therefore, becomes extremely necessary to find out whether the students know how to express themselves. Accuracy and precision is also extremely vital factor. This is because most of the complicated procedures are time bound and of a sensitive nature, (Neary, 2000, p124). This explains why a single delay can end up costing a lot. The student has to be able to work with the required time frame and also demonstrate accuracy and precision, (Banta, 2007, p57). This reveals the extent and reliability capacity of the student. The willingness to learn is demonstrated in a wide range of factors. A meritorious student should show the ability to learn new things, (Nicklin, and Kenworthy, 2000, p130). This includes asking the necessary questions and interacting with consultants, lecturers and other professionals who are way ahead. The student should also involve colleagues and fellow students so that they can exchange ideas, (Friedlander, 2004, p112). This too enhances understanding and learning process. It also shows that the student is willing to learn. The questions should be clear and should assess the subject matter with a sense of accuracy, (Neary, 2000, p124). The research questions and data collections methods in the assessment should be relevant and detailed, (Banta, 2007, p57). This is to make sure that crucial data is obtained from the student and give a precise assessment of the level of understanding and competence of the student,

Macro Econ Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Macro Econ - Assignment Example Therefore, scarcity will limit individuals on the basis of limited income, manpower and natural resources, and this puts a limit to the amount of products people have at their disposal. An economy’s income must be equal to its spending so as to ensure that there is a favorable balance of payments in the economy. For every buyer of a product there must be a seller, and this means that GDP, which is utilized in measuring the levels of expenditure and incomes must be equal. If the expenditures are more than the incomes, there is unfavorable balance of payments, and this implies that the economy is falling apart. The GDP deflator is used to measure the tracks of all new products that are produced domestically and represents the total worth of products produced in an economy in a specific period. The GDP deflator will measure the ratio of current price GDP to the real GDP and will show how much the change in GDP from the specific year relies on the changes in prices of products. The consumer price index (CPI) is used to study the total output of the economy, and it is a cost of living indicator and measures the total cost of products purchased by consumers I a country. It helps in determining the purchasing power currency has and compares this to past years to see determine the status of the economy. Higher savings lead to higher standards of living because savings are the chief source of capital, which is to some extent the backbone of an economy. Savings will refer to accumulated funds, and this implies that an entrepreneur can use these funds to make an investment in the future. For example, when starting up a new venture, an entrepreneur will either use their savings or borrow from various institutions so as to fund the start up. If people could consume everything and not save, it implies that there will be no funds to be used in future in the event that an investment opportunity comes up. Moreover, when an

Native Americans vs. Whites Essay Example for Free

Native Americans vs. Whites Essay Native Americans had no other option than assimilation. Today, we have the right to choose. Back in the days you had rights only if you were part of the elite society, in this case, a white person. White people were so hungry power that they did whatever they had to as to gain all the land that belonged to the Native Americans. They took advantage of the inocense of the Native Americans and achieved their goals. Whites wanted total control over the Native Americans, they forced them to assimilation, tricked them and took everything away from them. Back in the 1800s white americans came into the Sioux lands where Native Americans settled, they wanted to have their lands, the gold and all those sources which back then meant a lot.. White people always wanted to have total control. They believed everything had to be done as they said because they were superior and for it they ruled and they deserved everything they wanted. They forced the Native Americans to leave their home lands and put them to live on reservations. Some reservations were the Lakota, Pine Ridge, Rosebud and Standing Rock. Whites wanted the Native Americans to become so like them that they banned the Ghost Dance on Lakota reservations in December 1890, then on Pine Ridge and Rosebud as the rites of this religious fervor continued. Native Americans were very naive, but still they struggled againt the whites trying to remain with some dignity and being loyal with in themselves. As the Ghost Dance was banned, Short Bull, Kicking Bear and Sitting Bull tried to resist since they didnt like to be told what to do. By the end, a struggle struck where Sitting Bull died, and none of the Native Americans efforts were worth since the whites always had their way. Assimilation should be an option not an obbligation. Whites wanted the Native Americans to mish into their culture, customs and beliefs as a way to assimilate and become more like them. They wanted Indians to convert into christianity and to speak their languange (English). They even gave them Christian names and banned eveything that was not good for the whites eyes. Native Americans had no saying in this whole situation, they either accepted it or died (second option was the best for the whites since they wanted to exterminate the indian race). Charles Eastman, once called Ohiyesa was a great example of this assimilation. He couldnt resist to the white orders so he became assimilated, he was going to med school and had a romance with Elaine Goodell, a teacher of the reservations. Native Americans passed through a lot, they were tricked and constantly abused. They were forced to leave their lands and put to live on reservations, where life wasnt easy at all. Some refused to leave their lands but as the situation worsen, they had no other option than accepting. Native Americans and whites were not always fighting, they usually traded and negotiated peacefully. Things went peacefully until the whites started tricking the Indians, like signing the treaty of Traverse de Sioux; when Red Cloud signed it they were promised many things which never happened, the whites tricked him and now he had no option than signing or all of the tribe would be killed. Also General Sherman and General Custer, they were always trying disastrous things against the harmless Native Americans, like burning their homes and forcing them to do things they didnt want to. The whites betrayed the Native Americans, but there was nothing the Indians could do, if they tried to rebel against the whites they would end up just like Sitting Bull. It is clear that the only way Native Americans could survive was by assimilating. I think the whites went too far. They were very rude and hard to the Indians. I believe we were all born with differences and were all raised differently, just as the Native Americans and the whites, but to the eyes of God we are all equal, and for that major reason we should all accept who we are. Assimilation was a great option, but it was opt to them if they wanted it or not. Native Americans were very ignorant and whatever they were said they would believe it. I think many of the events that happened could have been prevented if the whites tried to communicate and kept real the promises they made to the Indians. Most of this was for the governments fault, but it is more than obvious that they will never accept it. http://alyidel. blogspot. com/.