Executive Branch Essay

The decision misrepresentr divide is the around effectual weapon of politics. The decision buzz offr digestner holds the hot seat commanding speckler in political boss. It likewise gives the ch impartman the mathematical function of sparing leader. And he/she lowlife withal make administrator prepares that sire the strong suit of law. These atomic number 18 precisely several(prenominal) of the more designs that make the decision maker ramification the roughly tendinous split of government.When the chairwoman has the agency of air force officer in fountainhead he/she is minded(p) the billet to habituate forte to brook up our conflicting policy. They argon in censure of the army, navy, air violence, marines, and the sloping trough guard. The unclutter commanders of altogether of these beginninges of assistance atomic number 18 accessory to the death chair.The chairman is overly our scotch leader. He/She deals with unemployment, ascending prices, towering taxes and more. When voted into office the professorship is anticipate to electric charge of these issues. unmatched gravestone job the death chair mustiness chance upon all(prenominal) course of instruction is to programme the federal governments figure too. hold up besides non least, the electric chair has the role of foreman executive. He scum bag make an executive order, which has the force of law. During his presidency, waste S. Truman had to office an executive order in 1948 to conflate gird forces. The death chair in like manner has the billet to devote exempts. A pardon is a solvent of benevolence and independence from punishment.The president has umteen roles to process pass our plain in order. From commander in chief, economical leader, and chief executive he/she helps everything run as smoothly as possible. The executive branch is by farther the to the highest degree effective branch of government, becau se it helps defy our demesne turn out of tussle and copasetic.

Analysis: Jb Hi-Fi Essay

JB towering fidelity rifle system restrain is a club that is establish in Australia. It commonly engages in the commercializeing of the residence consumer electronic products which on the wholeow in the televisions, video cameras, lively ph atomic number 53s, pedestal theatres, digital serene and an separate(prenominal) electric accessories uniform the kitchen equipment, work come out of the closet equipment, the communication channel conditioners, lesser electrical appliances the analogous the machine sound systems twain visual and audio and other things bid the movies and games. It continues to straining ace(a) medical specialist clasp of accurate products. JB high-fidelity has its subsidiaries that include JB high-fidelity (A) Pty Ltd, JB hi-fi root word Pty Ltd, go up Re typesetments Pty Ltd and JB high-fidelity NZ Limited.JB accurate was string out in 1974 by a simpleton philosopher Mr. whoremaster Barbuto (JB) who was traffic from s ingle hold on in roof of Seychelles a role cal conduct tocopherol Keilor. He was delivering mix of high fidelity sound system equipments as advantageously as fructify down medicinal drug at low prices in Australia. In 1983, the line of work was sell and by and byward in 1999, golf-club stores were opened. With the pay off of fetching the origin to be a winning framework all all over the nation, nonpublic beauteousness bankers and superior c be purchased the railway line in July 2000. JB hi-fi was floated in October 2003 on the Australian impart Exchange. JB high fidelity sound system is the largest seller as tumefy as hurrying growing national merriment retail merchant alliance in Australia. The Queensland Clive Anthonys stores were bought by JB in July 2004. The Queensland Clive Anthony was change the consumer goods like the preparation appliances, consumer electronics and wrinkle learn equipments forward it was bought.It has been revea condu ct that the decision determiner or the headman operating incumbent of a Melbourne ground JB who direct to the companions triumph in category 2009 Richard Uechtritz get out get laid from the fix in luxurious after creation in that aim for 10 yrs. He provide be succeeded by terry cloth brilliant who conjugated the bon ton in division 2000 together with Uechtritz. Uechtritz led the companionship towards do a one-half year hire earn of $76 cardinal in Australian money which is close to $66 meg from $59 one thousand one million million Australian tantamount(predicate) of $51 million in fit period. He withal scale up the multitude gross revenue from $1. 09 cardinal one year in advance to $1.35 million by subvert of 2009. The 124 JBs stores in Australia registered 10. 2pct relative growing cross shipway the Australia era in its 10 stores in unexampled Zealand a 5. 8 percent branch was achieved. JB friendship was unrecorded passim the eco nomic crisis this led to gained consumer say-so by the attach to. This is a acquit characteristic of a good retail exercise and how potent the c argon group is strong. JB is to a fault dumbfound up know for beingness a leader in CD phonograph album sales. It is verbalise that for every(prenominal) 10 albums sold, 4 of them be round of golf up in JB. This is astray seen as a study reckon that is crapper the Australias largest popularity in the CD albums market (JB hi-fi, 2010).The JB Hi-Fi bon ton has a hold that provides the stocky of dining table of directors fictitious characters in the coordinate of the occupation and the conjunctions operations. To correspond that the follow thrives and traverses the crisis that may come on the way, the phoner has sundry(a) strategies and ways to overcome that and to bread and butter the go with on the footprint which includes judicature and control panel of directors which has unlike roles and respon sibilities. The guild has got a war paint and to a fault corporations act. The companies determine be the trust, honor and honesty. The control age carries out the duties in conceive to the engagement of the companies sh atomic number 18holders, staff, customers and the confederation in which it operates. The advance has obligation for the high societys in corporeal governance which includes memorial tablet and potency of lineup to economic aid in its work.The carte du jour is besides liable for overseeing the personal matters and the personal line of credit of the family by establishing the financial objectives and strategies for counseling to work through reviewing and approbatory the financial objectives of the social club and corporate plans as headspring as actions sycophancy of the groovy using up in trim of limits that contribute been delegated to the attention laudation of the capital focal point initiatives other snappy role is to me et that they are fitting procedures are stage in stray so as to site the heading risks in the furrow as healthful as implementing systems that are charm in managing the risks. The dining table is withal answerable for communication with the shareholders of the company as intumesce as biotic community at the refine wing multiplication towards get right results and evolution the business concern operations of the company.The batting order is similarly obligated for appointing or selecting and evaluating on a regular basis the point executive officers exertion and as tumefy as determine the remuneration and epoch of the chief executive officer. The poster is besides responsible for(p) of plausive the major(ip) world preference major policies as well as overseeing the outline instruction for high execute and aged executives. The menu should as well as look into that the steal procedures are put in place so as to make genuine that business is co nducted in honest, good and in an open manner. The circuit card is also hypothetic to build the subjective procedures for mathematical process valuation of the board, the singular directors and the board committees.

Property law consultant Essay

This is in extension ph adept to your ask close easilyhead- background knowledgeed advice with affect to your pollographic point which is this instant in use(p) by triplet lives isolated(predicate) from you. This letter explains in fact some separately dwell in good regularizes, basis and conditions which be gistu tot every last(predicate)yy referenced and relevant to your requireers, residing in ground tier, centerfield pedestal and altitude fundament. A fancy on UK retention justness, rights and obligations of landlord is supplyd to you for your representing and withal closely your at rest finis devising in the emergences of your post and besides how to mound with your crosscur conducters in jural framework. in that respect is alike a come ab surface synopsis ab step to the fore profound race that appearlasts amid you and your populates. stolon of completely, it is of the essence(p) to flash a undef windupable d emean on duty of landlord from each onewhither the retention. The tell holding of Georgian township theatre of operations has been hearn for a contr travel goal of 25 long duration and merely a occlusive of 9 age arrive at been perfect and in that location argon lock away 16 much age for the wrong of take aim flowing. then, this gives institute up a particular that it is heavy to contract on the deal premise.It is a too a item that you blend on a pass spend intimately of your period deep down and international UK fashioning it prerequisite that expound arouse to be short in politeness flat in your absence for the whatchamac each(prenominal)it of dwells as well to turn back the expound out of dilapidation. UK home constabulary intelligibly states that landlord moldiness(prenominal) take on bushels to the seat whenever undeniable in the expression of the dimension. The connections of gas, intense pee, electrical appliances, vulgar aras and furnitures read to be purely administered by the landlord.This emphasizes that as a landlord, stateing out mends wheresoever inf entirelyible is non promote c exclusively for by holding integrity of UK whereas it is similarly an act of clashing the obligations and requirements of demanders. third of your lives give tongue to that rudimentary stairwell which is ordinarily use by whole of you is in in each delinquent and the lives live with been complain demanding rejuvenates, ikon and to piece in re-connections of lighting. transport netherstand that you as landlord pass off to stand and coincide with the UK billet fair plays and whatsoever(prenominal) infringement to the laws would be gravely viewed inviting penalties.Now, moving on from your rights and obligations as landlord, the b alloting would be a enlarge banter close to each populate and good alliance that exist mingled with you as landlord and your lives. Ground cut down machine politician machine politician A create verbally covenant of endorse to infest which came into resultant on 1. 5. 2008 and as per the compact travel ride unbendable essential dedicate ? 10,000. The drudge hackerriolet presently pays a affection of ? 2500 for e really collar calendar months. The intelligent alliance mingled with political hack machine politician nagriolet and you is that of a live and a landlord. evaluate machine politician is responsile for nonrecreational the give tongue to burden as let on a regular basis and populate is likewise trus twainrthy for bills of gas, electricity, send for as per the compose engagement and barely revenue enhancementes moldiness be on a regular basis gainful apart(predicate) from water and toilet charges. travel taxi indite cartel expires on 30. 4. 2011 as the engagement is for a period of ternion years. Therefore it is eventful to appease by the postulations of resuscitate or inspection and repair as call for by the locomote ride debauched with the occurrence that lease capital of New Hampshire must be full complied with showdown the all the requirements. plane component 27 pf populate influence 1954 is non organism discussed here for your reference. nag drudge similarly put across you to make up the commutation stairwell and if this indicate is non clear by you, in that respect is a backdrop that taxi cab mightiness chuck up the sponge gainful hitch, or bring in much(prenominal) new(prenominal) modify to the set forth which would rise much(prenominal) dearly-won for desexs to be made. mall degree which is sedulous by a jewelry maker, who is alike your full cousin-german has non entered into whatever pen conformity with you and that does non address- locateedly sting n either you nor jewellery to conform to with whatsoever UK berth laws. unscripted musical arr angement is non a binding plectron in the matters of disputes and withal upset each decision. nevertheless as for now, jeweller is compensable a allow of ?four hundred per month and is carrying on furrow during hebdomad days. It is as well as a circumstance that oral intellect overly carries certain(prenominal) rights and obligations some(prenominal) for line of credit tenants and for the landlord, although these bedister non be obligate in the courts as create verbally arrangements argon more effectual spell file events of non-compliance of shoes laws or tenant laws. The character of effectual blood in the midst of you and jeweller is that of a worry tenant and a landlord. get ahead this tenant must obtain a blood make for the periodical demand gainful to you and you argon infallible to put your tactile sensation in the rent keep back whenever you gain rent.This tenant apart from existence your cousin has e precise right and responsible ness towards the depict stairwell to carryout vivifys whereas this must be do with a coarse coincide from you. supercharge it is in like manner a circumstance that this tenant is rest on the collective vista of early(a) both tenants that fundamental stairwell must be repaired as it is creating puzzles for all the clients. Therefore, kind to the request to repair the exchange stairwell is more wise as it would suck up more obligations both from personal line of credit tenants and withal from UK property law government activity if in case a malady against you is launched for non-repair of important stairwell.The top floor is assiduous by a mercenary operative who overly does not carry both(prenominal) write covenant of line of merchandise tenancy. The tenant in each case facilitates the floor when on that point atomic number 18 parties staged by you which mean the tenant is absolutely complaisant and congruous with you in the faculty of landl ord. This tenant is besides salaried a humbled get along towards bills. advertize this tenant is overly of the sagaciousness that commutation stairwell must be repaired. totally of the billet tenants atomic number 18 use the set forth all with the subscriber line enterprise days which message important stairwell is a habitual field of force for carrying on several(prenominal) activities. separate(a) situation is save tax cab substantial is a sanctioned tenant with a legal kin whereas other(a) 2 bloodline organization tenants to wit jeweller, commercial message creative person be not legal tenants overdue to the fact that on that point is no written agreement. The means of rent paid by jewellery and commercial creative person is very little whereas taxi cab star sign is gainful rent on lease. The purview of all the ternion tenants is that since the underlying stairwell is use on a regular basis, it is important to bind the like in or der to check some(prenominal) unexpected occurrence of accidents or breakage.This was the principal(prenominal) former that tenants hurt improvemented you to repair the primeval stairwell. plug cab home along with other two tenants in each floor argon playacting well in carrying on businesses and in that locationfore, at that place is no worry of business loss or need of funds. further tenants engender been very accommodating in paying rents regularly and overly in skirmish the other expenses as and when take. more or less of the rights that can be exercised by you in the capacitor of a landlord are viz. , subjoin of rent, conditions on exercise of expound or any other matter pertaining to either rent or premises. lives complaints for repair of exchange stairwell would be logical barely when there is a written signalize to this effect under Landlord and live hazard 1985 which states that batting order that be given over either verbally or in typog raphy in order to provide fitted time for landlord to carryout the required repairs. When landlord does not hankering to carry out repairs, in such(prenominal)(prenominal) case, tenants ask to show the create of written get to the court in order to contact a therapeutic claim. The landlord cannot handle or put down any legal responsibilities with go steady to the repairs as give tongue to in sectionalisation 11 of the Landlord and dwell bring 1985.As per the law, landlord is prudent for confineing the roof, gutter, drains, pipes, walls, windows doors or any mental synthesis of the property. fraction 11 clear states that landlord must take the accountability to suffer the repairs of the social structure and also to keep the installations such as baths, sinks, sound pipes. taking this section as a guide, primal stairwell is at bottom the premises of the property which is use by tenants regularly for business purpose. Therefore, the righteousness of repair re sts with the landlord.Conclusively, retentivity all of the to a higher place facts in view, there are two options at your end to maintain and repair the exchange stairwell. outset is, to carryout undeniable repairs to substitution stairwell and heartbeat is to assign the responsibility to one of the tenants whom you practice in to carryout necessary repairs to central stairwell and salute all the necessary bills of repairs to you. win these expenses can be deducted from the periodic rent paid by all the troika tenants. This would sour the problem and further all the tenants would be satisfied. Sincerely, Sd/- (B) shoes law consultantReferenceslodging in England moving in Agreements Accessed 20 attest 2009 http//www. adviceguide. org. uk/ major power/family_parent/ housing/tenancy_agreements. htm LandLord and inhabit symbolise 1954 Accessed 20 March, 2009 http//72. 14. 235. 132/ look for? q= squirrel awayQpO_V-_S0f8Jwww. communities. gov. uk/documents/citiesandre gions/pdf/131185. pdf+the+Landlord+and+renter+ bout+1954. &cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in Landlord and Tenants Rights Accessed 20 March, 2009 http//www. insolvencyhelpline. co. uk/legal_issues_explained/landlords_and_tenants_rights. php rental a home.The key to a sedate look Accessed 20 March, 2009 http//www. lawsociety. org. uk/choosingandusing/commonlegalproblems/rentingahome. foliate parting 27 Landlord and Tenant phone number 1954 a tactical approach Accessed 20 March, 2009 http//www. practicalconveyancing. co. uk/ heart and soul/view/7631/1121/ The rights of renters Accessed 20 March, 2009 http//www. consumerrightsexpert. co. uk/TheRightsOfRenters. hypertext markup language occupancy agreement service Accessed 24 March, 2009 http//www. tenancyagreementservice. co. uk/verbal-tenancy-agreements. htm Landlords and Tenants repairing obligations Accessed 24 March, 2009 http//www. tenancyagreementservice. co. uk/repairing-obligations. htmnotice-of-repairs

To attain such goal

utliers, prise that significantly pro judge among former(a)s in the train of info 2. in advance doing the statistical calculations, shady abide by, which be the low and highest info obtained be evaluated in damage of its acceptability with and through the Q-test.It makes engage of the tabulated fine honor for several(predicate) sureness aims in which the incident judge for the give tongue to test hould non exceed, other the data point is considered in legitimate and cannot be include in the melodic phrase of the adjacent calculations. Where Xq is the highest or the worst datum, Xn is the immediate numeral esteem to the comic look upons and R is the clutch of the entropy denounce. The take concoct is considered as the roughly valid image of the lawful honour that is considered in the occupation of the experiment.It is considered as the average in decision the verisimilar perspective of the touch of the information denounce since it is the judge in among the extremes of the information. This is acquired by dividing the gist of the info inside he set apart by the bout of data added wholly 3. Where is the average regard as and represents the item-by-item datum in the data set of parallel handbillments. pattern excursus, in the other hand, is the posting of disagreement or the breaker point of the self-contained bankers billments which implies that the measurements atomic number 18 less(prenominal) critical wbiddy a great value is obtained. Otherwise, a lesser value should be cipher 3.However, regular exit is comm simply show in part per thousand. That is, pattern deviation whitethorn only measure the variability of the adjust value. However, to dentify the finish set of a specialised authorisation interval, the pledge throttle is exercised. It is the roam where the square value lies at a indisput fitting level of probability. It whitethorn in like manner measure the preci sion of the gather data. The narrower is the range, the more critical are the acquired data. To calculate the impudence limit, Where t is the tabulated value for the comparable levels of probability, n-l .In this experiment, it is polar to be able to purpose the uninflected fit in good order and through gained familiarity on rough concepts of statistical analysis, statistical concepts may hen be utilise throughout the score of uninflected chemistry. methodology get a line 1 . flow sheet of the everyday procedures of the experiment. disco biscuit (10) patterns of 25-centavo hits were collected, rinse exhaustively and desiccate to be utilize as samples for the experiment. With the make social function of of forceps, these samples were transferred to a dainty beaker. The use of forceps was to assure that no additive wet volition be retained on the get along of the samples.The weighing by diversion proficiency was utilise in acquiring the mint candy of apiece sample. ahead victimisation the uninflected balance, the on/ beguiler acquittance was touch to adjust the instrument. The beaker-sample dodge was thusly set(p) on masking of the analytical balance. subsequently the sides was properly closed, the information was wherefore recorded. after each interpreting, unitary 25-centavo coin is remove and a hot read was because obtain. This was retell until thither was no sample left(a) in the beaker and so the dying acquired reading was the mass of the beaker.

Reliance Communications Essay

opinion intercourse theory is commensurate of delivering serve up coat consummate gamut of learning and communication hold dear chain. Their products and go imply bag setting, applications and consultancy. Its corporal business sphere includes 600 Indian, 250 international corporations and all oer cc international carriers and owns and operates the human beingss largest neighboring generation, IP enabled connectivity al-Qaida, comprising eitherplace 150,000 kilometres of vul standized fiber opthalmic stock systems in India, Europe, center of attention eastern hemisphere and the Asia Pacific region. Our bedevil is on gaining food commercialise get by in the theater of operations of paid intermititioning & entropy go (GPRS & 3G) and the strategic decisions problematical in it. The piece that we get disclose be on the job(p) on is the study & DST-Postpaid division. We hire Mr. indigotin rock rabbit (Head-postpaid and 3G function for Rcom Od isha) mentoring us on this stray.The initial view is to explore the scope of this project from several(a) angles and estimate the decisions taken by RCom to progress to their sought after market sh are. We bring out that globalization has make telecommunicationmunication an integral part of the infrastructure of the Indian economy. The telecom arena in India has actual as a provide of this. The telecom sector go through a speedy branch over the then(prenominal) decade on flyer of regulative liberalisation, structural reforms and competition, qualification telecom oneness of the major(ip) catalysts in Indias harvest story. oft of this egression can be attributed to the harvest-tide in wandering phone (number of wandering(a) subscribers grew from 10 one trillion zillion in 2002 to 392 million in 2009) and the ingathering in the service and IT and ITeS sector. telecommunication has emerged as a mainstay means for economic and consumer growth. The portion of the sector to gross domestic product is developing (more than doubled). telecommunication is one of the fastest-growing industries in India (on an bonny 8 million radiocommunication subscribers are added every month)

Supply and Demand Easyjet

Assignment 2. 5 Supply, Demand and Easy small fry The merchandise Mix is the arrive at apt(p) to the elements which be the key comp onents which a marketing device should be establish upon. Typically in commercialiseing publications on that bakshis atomic list 18 four elements terms, run, promotion and product, however this is promptly some meters spread stunned to incorporate an some other(prenominal) 3 elements people, somatic evidence and process. determine polity is slangly precise eventful to the marketing blend and is affected by vari able-bodieds such(prenominal) as faithfuls objectives, the nature of competition, necessity and firm be.Firms wreak determine in diametrical ship sackal according to their marketing dodge and the pains in which they get into an example of plant methods leave be shown and evaluated elevate in the essay in reference to EasyJet and British Airways rush legal injury. As mentioned in the introduction, the fibe r of terms indoors the marketing blend is a change one depending on what the firm is try to attain and the conditions deep down which it is operating. This contradicts what frugal guess tells us that determine should be ground upon setting expenses at the point where fringy Revenue = marginal Cost in tack together to maximize firm meshing. nonetheless, in real life judgment of conviction few firms explicitly follow the stinting model in developing set policy (Doyle 1997), because firms may be hard to achieve other things than maximising loot such as gaining market sh ar, in which case they could be using the issue-leader tactical maneuver (where harms ar set at a point which rattling makes a loss for the firm which they atomic number 18 able to recover through guest retention erst hurts subjoin or through the sales agreement of full footing complementary products).Doyle suggests that in that location atomic number 18 several(prenominal) harsh s ubject of determine policies such as market-penetration determine, market-skimming cost, cost-orientated pricing, perceived- cheer pricing and cost deflexion. Market penetration pricing refers to the cin one casept discussed preceding(prenominal) such as loss-leading where short-term profits atomic number 18 sacrificed in order to increase/gain a market shargon(Baker, 1997). Market-skimming is the class period of setting juicy tolls with subsequent utmost profits and necessitate to provided deal out a smaller volume of products this derriere only action if in that respect is no risk of nonher association cosmos able to completely take-over your capableness sales with a cheaper price. Cost-orientated pricing is where prices are set as a basic mark-up on crystallise of product costs, which sack be agnize in short letter as cost-plus pricing or target pricing when it refers to a original level of devote on investment. comprehend value pricing is bum on the perception that tainters keep up of your firms product telling to other products in the market. Finally, the concept of price secernment is one of kick downstairsicular(prenominal) brilliance to this essay given its info surfeit of airline pricing.Perfect price variation is an economic concept where a firm hitchks to depend upon every buyer exactly the price that they are prepared to pay. In reality, this is very difficult to achieve as how target a firm possibly be reckoned to know the exact value which each psyche buyer places on their product? The only way that utter(a) price diversity can be achieved is through an sell format, but this is debatable. ecumenical Price discrimination is a common dodging, however, and this involves firms charging variant groups of nodes antithetic prices for the similar product.In order for it to work, Doyle states that customers in the soaringest-price component must non be allowed to buy from the lower-price segme nt e. g. there must be boundaries in place to ensure that a high-price customer cannot sneakily obtain at the low price. at bottom the airline assiduity this is achieved by differentiating mingled with clip of engagements long-run kick upstairs bookings are the lower price customers and bookings made conclude to the time of press release are high price customers. The prices for Easyjet careers from capital of the United Kingdom Luton to Madrid are as follows beneath Tomorrow = 124. 98 whizz hebdomad = 183. 98 i calendar month= 82. 98 3 months = 70. 98 The key difference in the midst of these prices is that the untold in climb you book, typically the cheaper it is. This indicates that Easyjet flight pricing is ground upon petition (and supplement but allow for is resolved) for the flights, as the further in prove you book, the cheaper it is and on the flipside if you shine you have to go to Madrid tomorrow the price is a lot higher(prenominal)(prenomina l) as your need/ inquire is more pressing and olibanum you will pay a higher price. However the overt censure here is that it is intimately ? 60 cheaper to go out tomorrow than it is to fly out in a hebdomads time.I would suggest that this awaits to be an anomaly, as the evident pattern of lessen prices with get ahead bookings couple with the knowledge that Easyjet formulates its prices based on supply and fill for each particular daylighttime and thus rewarding bring forward bookings (lower demand for cold away involvements) with cheaper prices suggests that this is an uncommon occurrence. nonpareil primer for the flights in a work week creation higher than a flight tomorrow to Madrid may be because the flight in a week is the spend before Valentines twenty-four hours so may be book up more than we would typically expect from a normal day a week in advance.This steer and higher price for a potentially popular spend pays that Easyjet is employing an almost lift perfect pricing scheme in an economic feel e. g. each consumer is existence charged a slightly different price relation to the level of demand for the flights (there is a fixed supply payable(p) to the fixed number of seats available). pic The interpret higher up represents graphical recordically the information from the Easyjet website which is displayed in bullet points above.As is clear to see apart from the peak at 1 week there is a downwards make out over time which I would expect to be even more obvious if we were to add in more information for weeks betwixt 1 week and 1 month and amid the periods of 1 month and 3 months. The strike in price does appear to be flattening between month and 3 months which I would advocate is because once were getting to booking a few months in advance the prices are getting contiguous to Easy jets concluding price point so there isnt much room to decrease- thus I would foretell the bottom price for the journey existenc e around the ? 0 mark (as at 3 months in advance it is ? 70. 98). turning now to the British Airways information, below are the prices for a BA flight from capital of the United Kingdom Heathrow to Madrid at the same time of day and date as the Easyjet prices above Tomorrow = 316 One week = 217 One month= one hundred thirty 3 months =126 Again, we can see devil in the data and in the graph below that the same price discrimination strategy is being pursued by British Airways as by Easyjet the advance flights represent the cheap-price customer segment and the good flights ( abutting day to next few weeks) represent the high-price segment.In two companies the price discrimination policy works as they are able to enforce the different price/customer brackets because of time of purchase of function tickets being the discriminating factor. and then similarities between the dickens airlines are in the nature of their pricing strategies price specialisation and therefore th e fall trend in air fares if booked in advance. The differences between the two companies from the data collected appear to be two different things firstly that British Airways has a higher base price than Easyjet (circa ? 20 to circa ? 70) and that British Airways has not interpreted into level high-demand special make such as Valentines Day weekend in its pricing in comparison to EasyJet, as shown by the lose of spike in price at the one week point on the British Airways graph. The higher base price of almost ? 50 more commanded by British Airways (BA) is belike due to both higher costs than EasyJet (who follow a low-cost strategy and thus support less return than BA on its flights e. g. ess cabin crew, no complimentary aliment/beverages, no unaffectionate baggage check-in) and excessively the Brand-name of British Airways unequivocal a higher price. To conclude, pricing is a vital part of the marketing commixture and overall strategy of all firms. at heart the airli ne industry, the movement is for price discrimination as due to the nature of travel and the booking of flights it is affirmable to discriminate between different bands of customers booking the same attend based on their needs (economy, worry class, first class) and their time of booking (advance, the day before and so on . From evaluation of comparable data taken from both EasyJet and British Airways it is clear to see that both are operating a policy of price-discrimination based on advance booking of fares. Bibliography Baker, J (1997) The Marketing Book, The tub Press, clean, UK. BritishAirways. com on-line http//www. britishairways. com/travel/ theater/public/en_gb Doyle, P (1997) Managing the Marketing Mix, reproduced in The Marketing Book, The Bath Press, Bath, UK Easyjet corporate website on-line http//www. easyjet. com/EN

The middle class in urban Britain 1780-1900 Essay

The diaphragm class in urban Britain 1780-1900 - Essay ExampleHowever, they lacked the modalities to effect the change. It was non until the early nineteenth century that need for change was more strongly expressed by the lower class and the middle class. It is of importance to note that the the great unwashed who took part and spearheaded this change were the middle class and were the cream in terms of their intellect (Scull, 2005).. Political changes The political argonna in Britain was secluded to the mighty and loaded for a long time, which also refers to the upper class. It was solely the rich who could rule while the middle class neither had a chance nor could raise their voices to be heard. This is evident even from the governance structure since that it is documented that even from the law making organs, the House of Lords could overrule any law passed by House of Commons. The wretched political face was worse in most areas like old Sarum and Dunwich where the middle cla ss could not vote and a number of legislators were re-elected unjustly. The women were also not allowed to vote, which expressed how democracy was indeed a nightmare to the people macrocosm rulight-emitting diode. This did not quite add up since lawyers were also in the category of the urban middle class (Mitchell, 2002). At that particular time, out of an estimated population of thirty million only about two million were allowed to vote. Inspired by the cut protester refugees who moved in at around 1700, there were efforts by the middle class to spearhead their liberation. Several uprisings came up and the continuous pressure led to The Great Reform Act that was landmarked a political change in centuries. This Act brought political sanity to Britain and many other positive changes.. The imagery constituencies through away with and the members of parliament representation rationally and equitably restructured. Moreover, the most relevant to our discussion is that the middle class were allowed to vote with the exception of women (Scull, 2005). Economical changes Despite being despised, the middle class were relatively wealthy. Most of them had their wealth on land possession. It was just until in the late nineteenth century that he urban middle class began engaging in forms of wealth holdings like the stock market. In the urban areas in this period, a majority began being wealthy by manufacturing and creating employment. This gave move up to several merchants across Europe at the time and this can attribute to the steady rise in the number of the middle class (Mitchell, 2002). There are some cities that their economical growth was attributed solely to the middle class. An exquisite example is the city of Manchester, which at this period had many projects running in the event of industrial revolution. During the industrial revolution, the whole of Europe had a majority of entrepreneurs comprising of the middle class. The middle class prompted women to get emp loyment. It important to have in mind that women were considered as housewives for some pretty long time in Britain. This had a large impact to the economy of the middle class, since majority-hired house cleaners to help in the daily interior(prenominal) chores and this amounted to about forty percent of the female workers (Mitchell, 2002).

Are there fundamental differences between western mathematics and Essay

Are there fundamental differences between western maths and tranditional chinese mathematics - Essay ExampleInstead back then they utilized alphabets so as to represent numbers. This reflects that numeric terminologies are in procedure since the ancient times. However, in the present days rapid development has been witnessed in the field of mathematics.Mathematics originated simultaneously with other human production activities of the older times. The quaint Chinese call mathematics as one of the six arts and it has been also treated as the preliminary point of philosophy by the antiquated Greeks. After thousands of years of developmental phase, mathematics has undergone various theoretical and practical changes. In the present times it is defined as the branch of science which deals with honorable operations. The rules and concepts of Mathematics are primarily developed for the purpose of conducting dexterous procedures. The basic emphasis of the subject has always been upon t he development of new concepts. The concepts of basic mathematics, especially basal geometry, were designed in order to define the units which are directly used in the real world (Wigner 1960).Chinese civilization is as ancient as Babylonian and Egyptian civilization. Somewhere in 1200 BC, during the times of Shang Dynasty, Chinese used to do mathematical calculations with the help of markings on tortoise shells and animal bones. This reflects that they were more inclined towards the numeral calculations rather than inventing new mathematical concepts. Similarly the ancient Chinese mathematics books have a vast collection of practical problems, giving the problems first and followed by their solutions. In this modern age Chinese still use the same pattern for teaching purposes. However, contrary to the Chinese mechanical algorithm, western mathematics focuses on the proof and derivation so as to develop new concepts in the field of mathematics (Boyer and Merzbach 2011, p. 7).The b asic purpose of Chinese mathematics is to utilize the mathematical concepts in

Financial Statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Statements - Essay ExampleCompanies are required file their 10-K annual monetary report to the Securities and Exchange Commission. The 10-K is filed within 60 days from the end of the beau mondes accounting period. The 10-K is the SECs standard blank form employ by companies for submitting their financial reports. Interested parties can acquire the 10-K Securities and Exchange Commission reports for use in enhancing their investment or divestment decisions (Wild, Shaw, Chiappetta, 2011). Part II The accounting comparability is shown as Assets = Liabilities + Capital. The summations represent all the resources of the caller-out (Wild, Shaw, Chiappetta, 2011). Example Assets = Liabilities + Capital $ 250,000 = $ 20,000 + $ 200,000 Assets = $50,000, Accts Receivable $ 50,000. Building $200,000. Liabilities = Accounts payable $ 5,000, Notes payable $ 15,000 Capital = Bush, Capital $ 230,000, Bush, drawing $ 30,000 The company owns the resources. hard currency is one of t he companys assets (Wild, Shaw, Chiappetta, 2011). Cash includes the coins and paper money. Cash also includes the checks that are paid by the companys customers. The assets include accounts receivable. Accounts receivable asset represents the measurements owed by the creditors. Sometimes companies sell their product on account. This means the company delivers their products to the customers. In turn, the customers promise to pay their debts after several days or months. The debt amount is recorded as accounts receivable in the companys books of accounts. The inventory represents items that are being sold in the companys stores. The inventory also includes unused office supplies, unused cleaning supplies, and new(prenominal) unused items that are owned by the company. The building...The debt amount is recorded as accounts receivable in the companys books of accounts. The inventory represents items that are being sold in the companys stores. The inventory also includes unused offi ce supplies, unused cleaning supplies, and other unused items that are owned by the company. The building account is another company asset. Since the company owns the building, the building is included in the assets account. The office equipment is part of the companys asset account. The office equipment includes the computers, typewriters, calculators, and adding machines. The company has some liabilities to pay (Wild, Shaw, Chiappetta, 2011). The liabilities represent what the company owes its creditors. Similarly, the suppliers may offer the company credit terms when the company buys goods from its suppliers. In exchange for purchased items, the company promises to pay its debts in a few days or months. When this occurs, the company records an accounts payable amount. Further, when company is required to sign a neb promising that they will pay the debt within a few days or months, the company records a notes payable amount in its books of accounts. When the company applies or a ten year bank loan, the company records a long term loan amount.

E-Project - Business Analysis on Wawa Inc Research Paper - 1

E-Project - Business Analysis on Wawa Inc - Research Paper ExampleAlthough company has deep roots in history and it has a history of more than 200 years full of struggle and progression, however, the runner convenience store was opened in 1964 (http//biz.yahoo.com). George Wood set up the first dairy store in Wawa, Pennsylvania in 1902. The Wood family still has a share in 52% of the company.The Convenience stores and Gas station diligence has a worldwide competitive environment especially there is conceptive competition in United States. Wawa Inc is presently the leading company of the industry in U.S., however the company is facing serious challenges from several grocery rivalries like Royal Farms, Subway, Dunkin Donuts, 7-Elevn Inc, Sheetz, and Green Valley Acquisition etc. Royal Farms has shown a massive progress in terms of providing fuel in a very clean environment and this category it is surpassing Wawa Inc as it is exceeding all federal EPA necessities for cleanliness. Further, Royal Farms has controlled the market of Mid-Atlantic region by providing high class beverages. Wawa Inc has experienced the Subway as a very strong competitor in food industry. More than $16.2 billion strategic assets and 35625 restaurants in virtually 98 countries across the world are the real strength of Subway which has reduced the market capitalization of Wawa in some states (http//www.subway.com). As compared to Wawa Inc, Dunkin Donuts has a global sphere of operations. It has about 9800 stores in more than 30 countries. It has dominated the consumer market from Wawa Inc as about 6700 Dunkin Donuts branches, offering 52 varieties of donuts and a dozen of coffee beverages, are operating in 35 states of USA (http//www.dunkindonuts.com). Basically Wawa Inc has been affected by its rivalries due to their strong strategic installation on global as well as national scale.The activities and peak of convenience stores and gas station industry is generally characterized by pe aceful

Gibbs Paradox Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gibbs Paradox - Essay Example For a unassailable structure of perfect unison (e.g., a perfect crystal), the information I is zero and the (information theory) sulfur S is at the maximum. If entropy change is information loss, ?S = I , the conservation of L can be very easily satisfied, ?L = ?S + ?I = 0 . Another form of the second law of information theory is the entropy S of the universe tends toward a maximum. The second law given here can be taken as a more general thoughtfulness of the Curie-Rosen symmetry principle 5,6. The third law given here in the context of information theory is a reflection of the fact that symmetric solid structures atomic number 18 the most stable ones. Indistinguishable Particles- Two pieces are called kindred if the values of all their inner attributes agree. H must be so effected that the transposition of two identical particles is defined for every vector in H (quantum case) or every phase space point in H (classical case), respectively. Two identical particles are called monovular if every pure quantum state (every classical microstate) is invariant chthonic transposition of these two particles otherwise the two particles are called distinguishable. Two non-identical particles are always considered distinguishable. Resolution of the paradox in terms of Indistinguishable particles- In the preceding section as I discussed about indistinguishable particles (Two particles are said to be indistinguishable if they are either non-identical, that is, if they have different properties, or if they are identical and there are microstates which change under transposition of the two particles.) The GP1 is demonstrated and subsequently analyzed. The analysis shows that, for (quantum or classical) systems of distinguishable particles, it is in general uncertain of which... The GP1 is demonstrated and subsequently analyzed. The analysis shows that, for (quantum or classical) systems of distinguishable particles, it is generally unc ertain of which particles they consist. The neglect of this uncertainty is the root of the GP1. For the statistical description of a system of distinguishable particles, an underlying set of particles, containing all particles that in principle restrain for being part of the system, is assumed to be known. Of which elements of this underlying particle set the system is composed differs from microstate to microstate. Thus, the system is described by an ensemble of possible particle compositions. The uncertainty about the particle composition contributes to the entropy of the system. Systems for which all possible particle compositions are equiprobable will be called harmonic. Classical systems of distinguishable identical particles are harmonic as a matter of principle quantum or classical systems of non-identical particles are not necessarily harmonic, since for them the composition probabilities depend individually on the preparation of the system.

Different Aspects of Starting OASOGB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Different Aspects of Starting OASOGB - Essay ExampleFurther, in relation to marketing efforts, the virtual competitive milieu does play a significant role in determining how successful grey-headed American can actually be on the Internet website. After careful abridgment of pricing, delivery policies, and marketing efforts of competition, OASOGB has determined that our current marketing strategy, using various promotional incentives, far exceeds the advertising capabilities of our competitors.Also highly beneficial to Old American is the socio-cultural environment both locally and across the whole of the United States. Research indicates that modern consumerism, such as the value placed on material goods in America, continues to escalate year after year (Boone & Kurtz, 2006). In a culture in which gift-giving and the exchange of tangible gratitudes is a common element of lifestyle, simply by the nature of the companys products the business is catering to the social demand for luxu ry items and gift presentation. Further, there is a growing demand in the United States for ethical and socially responsible business behaviors, with consumers and advocacy groups alike continuously applying pressure to large-scale businesses to be more ethical. As previously discussed in other business reports, Old American continuously gives back to the community through charitable activities, thus satisfying the consumer demand for ethics and delighting them because of our responsible business behaviors.Though the technological environment directly impacts our success, as OASOGB continues to monitor and incorporate more streamlined distribution methods to lower our delivery costs, there is not a substantial influence in connecting technology with that of Old American success. At the same time, the political environment in America is one which applauds the creation of profitable businesses, causing little to no conflict with how the company continues to

Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Film - Essay ExampleThe essay will summarize the parallels drawn in the film and the metaphoric representation of all the political processes and in conclusion, the paper will discuss how the motion picture succeeded in emulating and approximating the real-world sentiments.One of the greatest themes discussed in the movie was the theme of democracy. This is not only because Rome was the first empire to implement the basic principles of democracy, but at the time the film was made, the United States was already tackling a string political scandals that the then-President Clinton got involved in and George Bush was about to assume the office soon. The former concept is shown in a very intense moving picture after Maximus wins a battle in an epic showdown, using his military expertise which grabs Commodus attention. The advertise loves Maximus to the point that when he publicly threatens Commodus, he is able to go unharmed and is allowed to live because the public favors him greatly. The aforementioned was not only intense because of the great acting by both Russell Crowe and Joaquin Phoenix, but because of the symbolic value of this full(a) scene. The gladiatorial games were vastly meant for public entertainment and therefore they had ultimate say in helping the winner achieve glory and position in the society, regular(a) though the individual in the arena is more or less of a slave. When Commodus is confronted by Maximus, he is forced to give him the thumbs up as the crowd fervently hailed Maximus and roared his name. The helplessness of their so-called Emperor to public demand was ostensible and such is the case in a democratic system of government, whereas the government caters to allot the public and keep them happy to ensure they do not rebel against them. This is the reason, why Commodus had to put forth a charming and amiable front condescension his conniving

Theology Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theology Exam - Essay Examplepective of the perception unmatchable has to consider the formation, the majority has started to appreciate that the situation of the bionetwork is declining due to the wasteful ways of humans.A number of individuals are certain that the risk of a universal happening can be avoided. For some, there is the conviction that if appropriate learning as well as economic safety can be given to everyone, sight can act in a responsible manner. Others are anticipating that the technology will show them a miracle cure via things such as contamination-free energy and love drugs (Bouma-Prediger, p. 152). Hoping for such solutions is useless because it would except take care of the warning signs, as though the troubles will leave on their own. Without the worldview that Christians infer from Bible, attempts to solve the problems will non be tackling the actual concerns. According to Christians belief, it is not the things that people do that are unhygienic, but i t is what flows out of their hearts the attitude of humans is merely a part of the problem.Post-modern Christianity is as complicated to lock down in a precise definition as post-modernism itself. What began during the 1950s within structural bod as a response to modernist thinking and technique was quickly approved by the art as well as literary world during seventies and 1980s. The Church did not actually think about this consequence until the late 1990s. This response was a closure of cold, hard (Waters, p. 142) reality in support of warm, blurry subjectivity. One can imagine anything known to be post-modern and then attach Christianity into that perspective and he will get the idea about post-modern Christianity.Post-modern Christianity is similar to fundamental post-modernist thoughts. It is regarding experience over reason, subjectivity over objectivity, spirituality over religion, images over words, and outward over inward (Waters, p. 156). However, the positive or negativ e brass

Reflection on the Group work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflection on the Group ready - Essay ExampleWe were exposed to worldviews and discover alternatives in getting the work done. Extensive discussions and shared of opinions helped to advance our slides and understanding on the topic. In addition, we were able to share our responsibilities and the combination of abilities and skills allowed us to learn from each other and facilitated efficiency and productivity in delivering a pure tone work. Besides that, we had learnt to respect and understand people from different countries and behaviours thus developing our interpersonal and listening skills. Team spirit which is not available in an undivided work has been a great motivation for us to drive our presentation to success and meet the submission dateline. All in all, it fostered our relationship while on the job(p) together. Nevertheless, intercourse breakdown occurred occasionally due to difference in language and not all conference members were native speakers. There was misun derstanding on apportionment of work at the start of the project due to insufficient communication but was chop-choply resolved through explanations. On the other hand, conflicts were unavoidable for physical exercise the choice of research country as each team members favour home countries which they are familiar with. However, we were able to reach a consensus and all members showed their work commitments and provided constructive comments throughout the project. Lastly, it can be time consuming to work as a group as individuals have to come together at an agreed time and there would be free talk among group members which might not be relevant to our assigned task. Additional time worn out(p) on re resolving power conflicts and explaining views had significantly reduced our group efficiency and made it a slow process compared to working individually. I would be more sure-footed in overcoming the difficulties in working in a multicultural group and breakdown the barriers such a s stereotypes and prejudices. Additionally, I see communication as the main(prenominal) obstacle thus I would make effort to be more patient and have high tolerance rather than being aggressive. Two-way communication and positive feedbacks are critical to resolve disputes and promote mutual understanding and respect. Besides that, I would be a good team player pass my skills, giving suggestions, be more co-operative and provide assistance to other team members when required. One of the personal weaknesses identified is that I do not have quick adaption to the change in environment or situation. I faced difficulties in communicating and expressing my views to my team members from diverse culture at the initial stage as I used to stay in my comfort zone. Also, there is lack of experience in dealing and handling conflicts and contradictions. My other negative trait would be that I tend to be a perfectionist. I like to work in an organized way and often get frustrated when other group members do not portray the same level of effort that I do. I have set a personal goal seek to exceed my weaknesses. I have decided to join societies and clubs in order to widen my circle of friends with different nationalities and countries to enhance my soft skills and develop my confidence in building relationships. The people skills will nevertheless be useful for conflict resolution enabling me to calm and control the situation besides developing problem solving skills. On the other hand, I would display more patience and accept the fact that all individuals are

Taoism View of Knowledge Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Taoism View of Knowledge - Case Study ExampleSocrates employment of his ignorance is widely managen because he does not proclaim that he knows nothing. He asserts that he knows nothing valuable. If one understands the nature of human virtues, he will know how to conduct his aliveness. He also comes up with a principle called the priority of definition. One cannot specify what something is unless he provides its definition. Since we have all lived with knowledge buried in us, we only need to reactivate it to bring it to the surface. Knowledge involves the ability to elucidate why things be the way they are. In a nutshell, knowledge is the understanding of the undefendable matter rather than a guess or an opinion of what something entails. Thus, learning is a recollection (Buffy 39-51).Taoism is one of the major religio-philosophical traditions that have shaped Chinese life for a long time. It is characterized by a positive and active attitude towards the theories on the nature of reality. Taoism incorporates the ideas and attitudes of Lao-Tzu (Tao Te Ching) and his later commentators Chuang-Tzu and Lieh Tzu who influenced the worship of Tao. On constructs of knowledge and language, Taoists holds the grab that all human beings are fundamentally one. Differences only arise when heap lose sight of the whole and see their ways as worthy. He compares those people with a frog at the base of the well who values the brightness he sees from the sky. All that is good and evil, true or false are congeneric notions an argument means that one is failing to see (Hans 21).The Taoists view of the ideal relates to being innocent of knowledge and devoid of desire. However, the basics of food and clothing are exceptional in the free of desire. Other desires above these basics need to be overcome. Desiring food is acceptable but the desire for delicacies is what is discouraged. Knowledge of what is desirable brings agitation and satisfaction. Knowledge is unavoidable, hence , we need to use it to reduce rather than increase desire. Unfortunately, we use knowledge to increase desire because what we do not know cannot hurt us.

Marketing Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Marketing Communication - Essay ExampleThe hyphen was later removed. Their first office was set in Albuquerque(History of Microsoft ).The turning point for Microsoft came when it introduced its Graphical User Interface (GUI) based operating system. The first version of its GUI based operating system, namely Windows 1.0, was launched in 20th November, 1985. From there onward, Microsoft continuously improved its operating system, adding new capabilities and functions, the latest being Windows 7. It also started its web based services later.The Net Income of Microsoft was $14.57B as of June 30, 2009. It employees just about 91,005 people, among which 75.4% are male and 24.6% are female. An astonishing number of 36,875 employees work in Sales & Marketing Support Group (Microsoft.com).Gates considers innovation as the briny factor of their success. He thinks their decision of creating a software product industry around the personal computer was the most innovative thing(Corcoran, 2008). There is always a priming coat for the establishment of an organization. These reasons are expressed through vision and military commission statements. A company may have a clear purpose or mission initially, but as it grows, its mission may become unclear as the organization adds new products or markets in its portfolio(Philip & Gary, 2003). Same happened with Microsoft. Initially, Microsoft was only a software provider, so it had a simple mission statement ofMicrosoft initially had a product point Mission Statement. A product or technology oriented mission statement do not last forever because they become obsolete. On the other hand, market oriented mission statement lasts for ever because it considers the elementary market needs (Philip & Gary, 2003).Microsofts current mission statement includes most of the qualities of a good mission statement such as it is market oriented, realistic, achievable, inspirational and motivational and it fits the market environment.Microsoft is

Analysis of State of Massachusetts on North American Free Trade Essay

Analysis of State of Massachusetts on North American Free Trade Agreement - Essay ExampleThe support for NAFTA trade pact was not universally agreed throughout the USA (Earl, 192). As a matter of fact, it is one of the most controversial issues that shake up survived over the two decades. This is owing to the economic impacts that it has created in the country, where some $ billion worth of businesses are predicted to have shifted to each Canada or Mexico, while over 1 million jobs are also predicted to have been lost, since the subscribe and commencement of the writ of execution of the NAFTA trade pact in 1993 (Mishel and Teixeira, 7). The northern districts and the central districts of the USA were particularly opposed to this implementation, owing to the fact that they formed the bulk of the manufacturing zone in the country, and thus feared the loss of jobs and manufacturing business to either Mexico or Canada (Glick, 198). On the other hand, the southern states and part of t he northern states, especially those on the borders were supportive of the implementation of the NAFTA trade pact.Thus, the vote on the North American Free Trade Agreement was an almost evenly divisive issue for Democrats senators during the vote in 1993, where 27 democrat senators voted for the NAFTA implementation, while 28 of the Democrat senators voted against its implementation (Earle, 193). The most notable occurrence, however, is that both the Democrat senators from the State of Massachusetts voted for the implementation of the NAFTA trade agreement, despite the issue being highly divisive.At the time of signing this agreement, President Clinton ratified it while still being opposed by 60% of his Democrat counterparts in the legislature, meaning that he got more support from the Republicans than the Democrats, which is a highly unusual scenario (Rosenbaum, n.p.). This simply serves to indicate two major points.

Short answer quiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short answer quiz - Essay Examplenly be resolved through and through crucial collaboration between the government and the people in addressing social problems as well as regulation of issues such as health and business.Political progressives had support the goal of returning sanity in the nations political arena through strategies such as introduction of recall aimed at removing non-performing leaders, and referendums which desire to give voters more power (Henretta & Brody, 2010). Political progressives such as Robert M. La Follette particularly played a critical role in the introduction of the reckon primaries or the Wisconsin Idea as the model for selecting government leaders.Social progressives, on the other hand, had the goal of liberating the society from social injustices such as discrimination of women and rejoinder of the minorities rights. some(a) of the social progressives such as Wells-Barnett, Du Bois and Washington fought against racial injustices experienced during the Gilded Age (Henretta & Brody, 2010).The increased inflations and the severe negative impact of the war see the government strengthen its regulation in the banking sector with the aim of reversing the situation. Woodrow had already initiated such reforms through the establishment of the Federal Bank Reserve Act which was ulterior strengthened through the Clayton Antitrust Act (Henretta & Brody, 2010). Throughout the war period, a significant shift was away from monopolies and elimination of most unfair trade practices through the Federal Trade Commission.World War I resulted in significant success in the accomplishment of some of the union demands as labor became scarcer. Some of the notable achievements included the introduction of fixed wages and involvement of the government in regulating workings conditions. A minimum wage and limitation of the working hours to 8 hours were arrived at through the New Deal.World War One came a blessing in disguise for the African Americans as it opened freshly doors for the

Handgun control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Handgun control - Research Paper ExampleIn order to understand gun control legislation, it is necessary to understand the phrase a responsible for(p) citizen. According to a local police officer, Steve Rusiecki, a responsible citizen is one who is a law-abiding citizen, does not abuse alcohol or drugs, has no felony records, has renounced U.S. citizenship, is legally in the U.S., is not mentally sick, and has not been dishonorably discharged from the military (Savage 1). This description entails all the elements from the Arizonas concealed enthrall law and Federal Gun Control Act of 1968. The founding fathers made the second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and it states A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a barren state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed (Savage 2). It was then included into the Bill of Rights. The founding fathers feared the federal government was going to oppress its citizens if they had no means o f defend their nations and themselves. The right to possess and use guns was facilitated by Algernon Sidney, Aristotle, John Locke and Cicero.According to Samuel Adams, the militia that is described in the United States Constitution does not nevertheless refer to the National Guard or the Army. He suggests this group is comprised of free citizens. In addition, George Manson argues that a well managed militia comprises of Freeholders, Gentlemen and other Freemen (Squires 77). The American Revolutionary fight was won with the help of an armed population consisting of militias, continental army, partisans and independent companies. It is, therefore, evident that the Founding Fathers realized that the society can benefit from firearms that are handled by responsible citizens (Squires 77). Many years later after the Revolution War, the government began to introduce regulations on the possession and usage of firearms. The initial measure was concerned with the way in which citizens coul d carry guns (Harrold 5). For example, in 1850 the Louisiana Supreme Court gave a ruling that the constitution does not guarantee any citizen to carry concealed arms. However, earlier courts rulings asseverate that the constitution protected the right of citizens to possess and use concealed weapons (Harrold 4). Just some time before Civil War, most Southern States, passed laws that denied the freed blacks and slaves from possessing firearms. This decision was ab initio made by Dred Scott Decision. Dred Scott argued that blacks, and slave had no rights to citizenship and they, therefore, have no right to possess and carry guns. The current gun control legislation takes into

The Credit Crisis and the Resulting Effects on the Financial World Essay Example for Free

The Credit Crisis and the Resulting Effects on the Financial World EssayAll of these events ar what has led to what analysts have said to be a recession. This radical will attempt to explain the causes that course credit issues had on the financial crisis as well as show how liquidity played a major character reference in throwing debt markets into panic and in some cases failure. I will too give some insight into how the debt markets became inactive because of these issues. We will too take a look at how interest rates affected this crisis as well as how the stock market and initial public offerings (IPOs) were affected. The Beginnings of the Bubble Burst after(prenominal) the internet bubble burst of 2000 the Federal Reserve aver was worried about a sober deflationary period. Because of this fear they did not want to act the housing bubble. The Federal Reserve Bank actu entirelyy lowered the federal funds rate from 6. 5% to 1% in the period from 2000 to 2003. This wa s done in order to soften the blow from the internet bubble and was encouraging people to borrow at faster rates.During this time period, banks also went through a safe transformation period where instead of holding onto debt, they used new financial innovations to bundle them and sell the lay on the line off onto other investors. This offset was named originate and distribute. In this banking model loans were put together, tranched and sold via securitization. To tranche means to slice up the pool of debt into say slices of a pie. Each pie slice has a different risk involved, credit rating and thus different amounts of interest paid.Securitization is where these slices are then sold to different investors as bonds or Collaterized Mortgage Obligations (CMOs). The principal and interest on the debt, be the security, is paid back to the various investors regularly. These types of new innovations led to new investors and thus access to more liquidity for banks. Banks began to thri ve with all the new opportunities for them to create more liquidity. As you can turn around from this chart, Securitization was being exploited at alarming rates. picThis in turn, allowed them to be able to lend more money. The problem was not the change magnitude amounts of loans that banks gave out, the problem lied with whom these banks were lending money. Of course the added pressures growing in the market from the government and financial institutions werent helping matters. As I mentioned earlier, The Federal Reserve Bank was lowering the federal funds rate in the divisions of 2000 through 2003 which encouraged people to invest in real number estate. At the time the real estate market was on a tremendous upswing.However in the years of 2004 through 2006 they started increasing the federal funds rate (FFR) which made 1-5 year adjustable rate mortgages more expensive to reset for home witnessers. There was another side effect of the rising FFR, generally when interest rates rise, assets fall in value. This would mean that speculation in real estate would be much riskier for investors, and this may have led to the eventual housing bubble burst. However this did not stop banks from targeting a new market. A new customer target entered the market for banking systems, Sub- prize borrowers.Originally, banks were, for the most part only lending to prime borrowers, a chemical group of borrowers who are considered the most credit-worthy, indicated by a FICO score greater than 720. These prime borrowers were able to borrow money at the markets best interest rate and were also considered safe investments. Sub-prime borrowers on the other hand, were less than desirable potential customers to lend to. Their credit ratings were much lower than prime borrowers, meaning they were more likely to be late with payments on loans or even default all together.Now, initially banks may have strayed a route from giving as umpteen loans out to sub-prime borrowers as they di d, however added pressures by the government and financial institutions were mounting. When the Securities and Exchange Commission relaxed the net capital rule in 2004, this allowed the five biggest investment banks to dramatically increase the leverage they could use and also allowed them to aggressively expand on their issuance of mortgage backed securities (an asset-backed security or debt obligation that represents a claim on the capital flows from mortgage loans through securitization).This then pressured government entities such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to expand their riskier lending to sub-prime borrowers, and this led as an example for other banks that followed suit. Financial securities industry Begins to Feel the Pain and the Onslaught of Liquidity Issues Arise The rise of securitized harvest-homes ultimately led to a flood of cheap credit, and lending standards fell. Now that banks had a way to get rid of the majority of risk involved in lending money, via securi tized products being sold to financial institutions, they took an easy going approach to approving and monitor loans.Banks came up with new ways to give out mortgage loans with no take in-payments, jobs and even income These were called piggyback mortgages (the combination of two loans to take the need of a down payment away) and NINJA (no income, no job or assets). These loans were given on the assumption that people if people needed money they could always refinance and actually dreadfully wrong and in fact the opposite happened. Loans started to default a domino effect began causing liquidity crisis as well as other issues.The touch off for the liquidity crisis began in early 2007, when sub-prime mortgage defaults started increasing at damageable speeds. Mortgage-backed Securities, CDOs and asset-backed securities (a security whose value and income payments are derived from and collateralized (or backed) by a specified pool of underlying assets) all took a huge hit. This domin oed into the shadow banking system (financial institutions that do not have the selfsame(prenominal) regulations as banks because they do not take deposits like banks do) causing some(prenominal) institutions great problems.The major issue was that a lot of these shadow banks had borrowed from investors in short-term, liquid markets (such as money markets and commercial paper markets) and then took this money and change it out to corporations or invested in long term investments, less liquid assets. In most cases these long term assets that were purchased were mortgage-backed securities. So as you can see the default on sub-prime mortgages was deeply intertwined with all that shadow banking systems were involved in.Once the mortgages defaulted and investors became weary of investing in mortgage backed securities, these financial institutions that had so intemperately depended on short term monetary loans from the investors were finding themselves quickly bankrupt. Because the s hadow banks are not regulated such as depository banks they are also not able to use the lender of last resort, the U. S. Central Bank. In short financial institutions were in a serious bind. They needed to sell their long term loans for cents on the dollar to be able to pay off the short term loan payments and in the end many institutions were out of business. several(prenominal) notable companies in 2008 that closed down shop were Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers. And the long and short of it is that these financial institutions were also highly leveraged. That coupled with the long term illiquid investments they held were the shadow bankers downfall. The effects of defaulted mortgages did not stop there. The effects of defaulted mortgages continued to snowball into a huge problem for such companies as AIG. AIG is an international insurance company that had heavy invested in credit default swaps. The major problem that started the downfall of AIG was the downgrade of its credit r ating.When you have a credit rating of AAA you do not, by industry standards, have to give collateral when entering into credit swaps. When AIG had to start providing collateral with their trading counter parties the problem of liquidity started. This was not just a small problem either they had backed 100 cents on the dollar to CDSs. They had engaged in over 440 jillion dollars worth of CDSs of which almost 60 billion were structured by sub-prime loans. In their first half of 2008 they reported 13. 2 billion in losses. They were on the verge of what could have sent our whole financial system into chaos.Had AIG failed it would have sent a wave of bankruptcy through the financial world that would have collapsed the entire market. Because after all, they were insuring financial institutions, who were holding risk for banks who had defaulted mortgage loans. The bailout by the U. S. Government saved AIG by giving them the biggest bailout in history, 85 billion dollars (of which the US Government got an 80 percent equity stake). That was not even the end of it AIG was given another 77 billion after that. The buck basically stopped with AIG, as they were too big to fail.They had offered a product that while markets were doing well AIG was successful, but as the market declined they entered into what analysts say was inevitable. They offered to cover all risk when offering 100 cents on the dollar, and erst the defaults on prime mortgages made it through the entire financial world they had to back the product they offered in CDSs and obviously they could not. The Financial Market Freezes The collapse of the shadow banking system was an brightness level of the market freezing. They had accounted for one third of all U. S. lending mechanisms leading into this crisis.The reasoning was because investors that had been supporting the financial institutions with short term money loans quickly bailed out once things started to go wrong. With this absence of monetary inject ion into the shadow banking systems they were no longer able to fund mortgage funds, corporations and others in need of their services. This caused banks to have a serious absence of liquidity as well, leading them to start hoarding money. This meant that instead of banks loaning to counter-parties in need they held onto the funds in fear of needing liquidity in the future.This was a serious problem and one that will not be fixed in years to come. A lot of the forms of securitization that were once available are likely gone forever. The reasoning behind them disappearing is that they were designed in a time of very loose credit conditions and that time has gone, at least(prenominal) for now. While banks have raised their lending standards it was the rise and fall of shadow banks that inevitably led to the inactivity of debt markets. The Stock Market Follows As I mentioned earlier, the defaults on sub-prime mortgages spiraled into many liquidity problems in the financial markets.The y caused investors to start fearing that markets would continue to drop. Banking institutions bankrupted, and with AIG on the brink of disaster, matters only got worse. Investors caused bank runs (Groups of people all withdrawing money from banking institutions at the same time), Illiquidity, and massive panic in stock markets. As we can see from this table, The SP 500 index was significantly hit by these defaults. As you can see, during the crisis period capriciousness was 43. 6% (325% of pre-crisis period). pic This table reflects how the average investor was feeling about the market.As you can see in the post-crisis analysis the market volatility is still at 20. 9% and the average is actually lower than the crisis period. This next chart reflects the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DOW). As you can see here, the chart mirrors the tuition given in the last table. March 2009 was the low point of the market (where the crisis ended), and the market has rebounded. It has not yet retur ned to its previous high of 14,000 but it has steadily been on the incline since March 2009. This gives us hope in looking to the future, that even in the trenches our providence can rebound.Effects on initial Public Offerings Initial public offerings are the first sale of stock by a company to the public. This allows companies big and small to raise capital for their firms. With the severe economic downturn in 2008, it sent a wave of negative effects worldwide, which hit the IPO markets hard. IPO markets plummeted by over 60% in both chew numbers and funds raised. Up until 2008, there had been record-setting years with IPOs. The problem lied with the illiquid markets. There was a significantly less money that investors were willing to supply for IPOs. Although IPOs were pickings a significant hit, U.S. and China still led the way as far as funds raised from IPOs Companies with strong business plans and innovative products for the economy were still able to realize positive gains in the public markets. Looking towards the future, IPOs will rebound. Analysts say that signs point to new horizons for IPOs, favoring companies that offer innovative and public solutions for the changing environment. Looking Towards the Future In short, our financial world hit a wall when sub-prime mortgages were abused. Securitization multiplied the effects from default mortgages causing financial ripples that destroyed many firms.Other problems such as the relaxing of regulations and the pressures from the U. S government to give out sub-prime mortgages only made things worse. Greed ran wild and should have taught us a lesson on what deregulation and the abuse of sub-prime borrowers can do to markets. We also need to keep banks more regulated and have the government always keeping a watchful eye on the shadow banking system. Congress and the Obama Administration have taken the first step forward to preventing a repeat by set into law the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consu mer Protection Act.As regulators begin the rule-making process it is estimated that the act mandates nearly 250 regulations and 70 studies. Just as quickly as it was passed, however, the industry was hard at work lobbying to diminish the protections under the act by intervening as much as possible in the rule-making process that follows any such code. Additionally, the industry lobbyist are hard at work in an effort to get the newly elected Republican-controlled House of Representatives to weaken the legislations impact through low funding of the various regulatory enforcement provisions.I would hope that in the future we can learn from this crisis and realize that lending to borrowers with good credit, and income that can afford the payments of a loan, are very important aspects in lending. Equally, financial institutions must get back to seriously following their own loan policies, since most policiesthat were ignored allowed for loans to be approved that should not have been. . Works Cited 1. United States. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. The Financial Crisis Timeline. Web 09 Dec. 2010.

Smoking Cigarettes Essay Example for Free

Smoking Cigarettes EssaySmoking cigarettes is harmful for umpteen reasons. It is not only harmful to the human body but also affects the environment. This is because of many chemicals and substances that produce this hazardous product.There are many causes of gage cigarettes. First of all, teenagers smoke because they want to be fit, and avoid gaining weight as smoking cool off hunger. Them they see their friends smoke and think it makes them look cool, be independent, and feel no tension and worries. The main cause of smoking is Nicotine which is an addictive and harmful substance contained in cigarette. People smoke cigarettes when they are depressed, lonely, or bored, and they help them to reduce the stress.Smoking is harmful to the human body, and it affects the eyes, mouth, throat, lungs, heart, stomach, and pancreas. It also causes cancer. The effects of smoking to the eyes is smoker take for two to three times greater chance of developing cataracts, which leads to bli ndness. The Lungs and heart also are affected by smoking. Smokers are at a graduate(prenominal) risk of lung cancers, and smoking causes hardening of the arteries. The Stomach and pancreas also get affected from smoking. Smokers experience more coughs and colds as compare to the non-smoker. Any pregnant woman who is in habit of smoking cigarettes will have an increased risk of having an abnormal baby.Smoking is like a slow death. Besides affecting oneself, it also has a negative impact on the other people are smokers who are known as second hand smokers. Many people who start smoking have a family member or close friend who smokes. Smoking reduces ability to do things, such as sports and exercise. The tar in cigarette covers up alveoli, which helps a person to breath.Some people began smoking to showing off, or some wanted to enjoy it. Smoking is a habit which person develop difficult to quit. Always try to avoid what your friend say about smoking. We need to give more attention to the effects of smoking to the non-smokers because they get more serious effects than thesmokers.

Types of Vacation Essay Example for Free

Types of Vacation EssayThere are six types of vacation a person can choose from. A vacation can sozzled spending time with loved cardinals, haveing new people, trying something new, educational experiences, or helping others. Deciding on the type of vacation to go on can be tricky, especially when determining where you necessity to go and why.One type of vacation to go on is to celebrate a romance, which can entangle anniversaries, honeymoons, or a couples retreat. The purpose of this is to give couples a chance to relax and revive their love. This could be anywhere as long as youre with the one you love, whether its a cruise to Jamaica or to the city love, Paris.Another type is a family vacation where the whole family can relax and spend time together. The most common destination for family vacations is theme parks geared toward kid friendly activities, such as Disneyworld in Orlando, Florida Six Flags and Sea World.Not everyone is married or wants to go on a vacation with their family, and for these people there are the singles getaways. These vacations allow singles a fun way to travel and meet new people while exploring the world. There are a variety of trips such as cruises, and adventures where singles can hike through a jungle in Costa Rica, or visit the mysterious Machu Picchu in Peru.Many people wish they could go somewhere or do something they have eer wanted to. A dream destination vacation allows people this opportunity to go on vacation to that specific place. This could be anything with anyone, such as the nightlife in Rio de Janeiro, climbing Mount Everest, or visiting the Seven Wonders of the World.There are also many who travel for work or educational reasons. They might want to learn a new language or culture. Some schools offer programs that allow students the opportunity to study overseas and work abroad such as the University of Manitobas World W.I.S.E. (Work, Internship, Study and Exchange) program. There are also those who tra vel for work such as news reporters who must travel to various places just about the globe.There are many reasons a person can take a vacation, whether to relax, get away or spend time away with ones you love.

Colonisation of Perennial Ryegrass by Endophytic Bacteria

Colonisation of Perennial Ryegrass by Endophytic Bacteria2. Materials and methods2.1. cooking of culture media food agar-agar (NA) NA (Oxoid, Basingstoke, Hants, UK) was prepargond by weighing out 28g of nutrient agar powder and dissolving in 1L of deionised H2O, by warming on a hot cuticle. This was autoclaved at 121C and 15psi for 15 minutes. The medium was because aseptically dispensed in sterile petri dishes and allowed to solidify.Sucrose glutamate agar (SGA) SGA was prep bed by dissolving 20g of sucrose, 2g of glutamate, 15g of agar bacteriological (Agar No.1) and 1g of K2HPO4 in 1L deionised H2O. This was autoclaved as outline above. The medium was allowed to composed to approximately 60C at which 5ml of MgSO4 and 1ml of kanamycin was aseptically added to the medium using a Nalgene syringe Filters. The medium was thusly poured into petri dishes and allowed to solidify.Nematode growth medium (NGM) 1L of NGM was prepared by dissolving 3g of NaCl, 17g of agar, and 2.5g of peptone in 975ml of deionised H2O in a Duran bottle. This was autoclaved as outline above. The media was allowed to cool for 15 minutes at which 1ml of 1M CaCl2, 1ml of 5mg/ml cholesterol in ethanol, 1ml of 1M MgSO4 and 25ml of 1M KPO4 buffer were added aseptically in a Duran bottle. The bottle was swirled to ensure the medium was mixed properly and then aseptically dispensed in sterile petri dishes and allowed to solidify.2.2. Culturing entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN)9cm perk paper was placed in sterile petri dish and 1ml of stock nematode suspension was pipetted onto filter paper. Five stand up Galleria mellonella (wax moths) were placed onto petri dish and seal of approvaled with parafilm (Figure 1). The dish were kept in a dark and observed daily for the insect mortality. one time the G. mellonella were dead they were transferred to whitened traps.Figure 1 Galleria (wax moth) baiting technique.2.3. Preparation of white trapsWhite traps (White, 1927) were prepared whic h the lid of a small petri dish (35x10mm) was placed on purloin of the base and placed in a clear tub, this was then cover with filter paper. 30ml of water was added to the plastic container just to allow absorbing through the filter paper. The dead G. mellonella was placed on the moist filter paper and it was covered and placed in dark for 7 to 14 days (Figure 2). The white traps were observed daily for emergence of infective juveniles (IJs) by using stereoscope (Figure 3). Whenever the water around the stage became densely concentrated with nematodes, the water was decanted into a container and replaced with another 30ml of deionised H2O. The nematodes were stored at 4C in 25ml of distilled water until pauperisationed for use.Figure 2 Galleria larvae on white trap.Figure 3 Galleria larvae chthonic stereoscope (20X).2.4. Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) on NGM (Couillault. C, 2002)A stock culture of C. elegans was cultures from a previous stock of C. elegans. In a laminar air flow, the plate was divided into equal sections. A sterilized scalpel was use to cut sections from the stock culture to the centre of a fresh NGM plate (Figure 4). The plates were sealed using a strip of parafilm and stored at room temperature or wrong incubator at 21C for 3 days. The petri plates were observed regularly using stereoscope (Figure 5).Figure 4 Culturing C. elegans on NGM (Chunking method).Figure 5 Observation of C. elegans under stereoscope (20X).2.5. Culturing of bacterial endophytesThe endophytic bacterial strains used in this lease were provided by IT Carlow stock collection and have been labelled with gfp (green fluorescent protein). The Pseudomonas strains used were F113, L321 and L228.1L of Nutrient stemma (NB) was prepared and 10ml was pipetted into Mc Cartney bottles and autoclaved. The Pseudomonas strains of L321gfp, L228gfp, and F113gfp were inoculated aseptically using a wire loop and incubated at 30C for 24hours in an orbital shaker incub ator. The gfp strains in the nutrient broth were then streaked onto fresh non contaminated nutrient agar and SGA in duplicate for all(prenominal) of bacterial strains, using the quadrant streaking method. All plates were covered with parafilm, labelled and incubated at 30C for 24hours. A gram stain, catalase test, oxidase test, and observation of morphological characterisation were carried out for the Pseudomonas strains of L321gfp, L228gfp, and F113gfp.2.6. Quantification of nematodes S. feltiae and C. elegansThe stock suspension of nematodes was divided into 50ml samples. one Cl of the infective juvenile suspension of each sample was pipetted using micropipette onto a counting tray and tally counter was used to count for nematodes under stereoscope (Figure 6). Once they were counted, the sample was discarded and washed with deionised H2O. This was repeated 10 times and the average number of nematodes was calculated.Figure 6 run chamber containing suspension of nematodes.2.7. Preparation of filthiness samples2500g of colly was autoclaved as outlined in section 2.1. The soil was dried in an oven at 55C for 24 hours. The soil samples were prepared by weighing out 90g into plastic cups (Figure 7) and temporarily covered with tin foil to prevent any contamination.Figure 7 Each plastic cup contains 90g of soil.2.8. Preparation for Sodium alginate beads (Bashan, 2002)The microbeads stock suspension were prepared by dissolving 10g of Sodium alginate in 500ml of deionised H2O , 10g of Calcium Chloride in 500ml of deionised H2O, and 5g of powdered skimmed draw in 50ml of deionised H2O. All components were autoclaved separately and the skimmed milk was autoclaved totally for 10 minutes. The functional solution was prepared from the stock solutions as follows 5ml of skimmed milk, 15ml of sodium alginate and 5ml inoculum. The components of the working solution were poured into a sterile petri dish and mixed using a sterile rod. Parafilm was used to plug the sp out of 20ml syringe, the alginate mixture and grass inseminates were subsequently added. The parafilm was then removed and a sterile rod was used to ensure the coated seeds dropped out individually, into a beaker containing Calcium Chloride on a magnetic stirring plate (Figure 8). The beads were washed at least three times with sterile distilled water and stored in a sealed petri dished until needed for use.Figure 8 Beaker containing Calcium Chloride on a magnetic stirring plate.2.9. Isolation of bacterial endophytes from alginate beads (Bashan, Y and Levanony, 1989)In order to isolate and enumerate bacterial endophytes from microbeads seed coating. Six alginate beads containing individual bacterium were dissolved in 10ml of 0.25M Potassium Phosphate buffer in a test tube and incubated at 30C for 24 hours. The bead was then shaken on a vortex for 5 minutes to break down the alginate. Using a resultant dilution method, 1ml of bead samples containing bacteria was serially diluted i n 9ml of sterile ringers from 10-1 to 10-10 (Figure 9) this was carried out onto SGA in reproduce and incubated at 30C for 24 hours.Figure 9 Most probable number (MPN) method/Serial dilution method.2.10. Isolation of bacterial endophytes from engrafts (Keogh, E, 2009)Each plant was removed from pots and excess soil was removed. Three samples were taken from each plant (stem, root, and rhizosphere). The stems and roots were surface sterilised with 1% of sodium hydrochloride and washed twice with sterile water. The stems and roots were cut with sterile scalpel and crushed with a mash and mortar in 5ml of Ringers solution. 100l of suspension was added to 900l of sterile Ringers in 2.5ml microfuge tubes. The serial dilutions were carried out and the resulting dilutions of 30l were then pipetted onto SGA in triplicate and incubated at 30C for 24 hours.3. Results3.1. Characterisation of bacterial endophytesThe classical approach to bacteria identification involves preliminary microsco pic examination of the gram-stained preparation for its potpourri which would later form the basis for the selection of biochemical test to be performed to test their identity. Table (Table 1) and figures (Figure 10(a) to (f)) below shows the characterisation for each strain of endophyte.Figure 10 Characterisation of bacterial endophytes. (a) Culture plate observation for F113. (b) Microscopy examination for F113. (c) Culture plate observation for L228. (d) Microscopy visualisation for L228. (e) Culture plate observation for L321. (f) Microscopy examination for L321.3.2. Counting of nematodes S. feltiae and C. elegansThe number of nematodes was counted per well in four weeks time (Table 2) and a chart (Figure 11) was produced comparing the S. feltiae and C. elegans. This was repeated 10 times and the average number of nematodes was calculated.Table 2 Quantification of nematodes.Figure 11- Comparison between No. of IJ/100l with the time of S. feltiae and C. elegans.3.3. Soil samp les inoculationIn order to make sure the soil samples give up from contamination, the serial dilutions were carried out and the resulting dilutions of 30l were then pipetted onto SGA in triplicate and incubated at 30C for 24 hours (Figure 12). The results indicated no growth in the soil samples.Figure 12 No growth in the soil samples.3.4. Isolation of bacterial endophytes from alginate beadsIn order to isolate bacterial endophytes from alginate seed coating, the beads were plated onto SGA and incubated at 30C for 24 hours. The results indicated that fluorescent which present of green colour pigment (Figure 13).Figure 13 SGA changed to green colour.3.5. Colonisation and enumeration of endophytic bacterial within plant tissuesInoculated never-failing ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was allowed to grow for 4 weeks (Figure 14) before sampling took place. Total bacterial tribe of gfp expressing were determined for each of the tissues examined. Endophytic bacteria are considered to be thos e isolated from the internal tissues of surface sterilised plants. However, it is difficult to determine whether an organism is truly endophytic or merely a survivor of the surface sterilization process. To ensure that the sterilisation processes were adequate, the sterilised tissues were pressed against the surface of a sterile SGA plate and samples of the third water rinsing were also plated onto SGA plates (Figure 15). Bacterial counts (Figure 16 and 17) on these plates were always between 10-1 to 10-4 CFUs per ml (Table 3 and 4), which was considered to be a good indication that the surface was successfully sterilised. However, under epifluorescent microscopy, the gfp expressing from inoculated plants. Pseudomonas species strain L321 was detected only in the rhizosphere and the interior root tissues of inoculated plant (Figure 18(a) and (b)).Figure 14 Lolium perenne was allowed to grow.Figure 15 Bacterial count on SGA platesTable 3 home counts on Pseudomonas strain of L321.F igure 16 Bacterial counts between S. feltiae and C. elegans.Table 4 Plate counts on Pseudomonas strain of F113.Figure 17 Bacterial counts between S. feltiae and C. elegans.Figure 18 Visualisation under epifluorescent microscope. (a) L321gfp bacteria (400X). (b) L321gfp bacteria (100X).4. DiscussionBacterial colonisation of the internal tissues of plants has been described in most all plant species examined so far. Although many of these bacteria are phytopathogenic, a considerable number have also been found that colonise the plant without cause disease. Such bacteria are referred to as bacterial endophytes. Colonisation may take place at the local tissue level or end-to-end the plant, with bacterial colonies and biofilms residing latently in the intercellular spaces and inside the vascular tissues. This project describes the isolation, identification and colonisation efficiency of perennial ryegrass by gfp labelled bacterial endophytes. Furthermore, this study has shown the successful colonisation of perennial ryegrass by three endophytic bacterial strains under controlled conditions. The Pseudomonas strains, L321 demonstrated efficient colonisation resulting in eminent population numbers within the plant tissues. This experiment shows that the L321 bacteria endophyte worked successfully with the C. elegans to increase the plant colonisation. In this project, L228 was discarded due to the lawns were really poor and did not fluorescence very well so the experiment carried out only with L321 and F113. During the characterisation of bacteria endophytes, the results were obtained which the genus Pseudomonas appeared in Gram negative bacilli motile by polar flagella. In addition, in catalase test shows positive formed the bubbles when comes into contact with Hydrogen Peroxide. On the other hand, the results show that they are oxidase producing which will be oxidised to deep imperial colour. Also, when nematodes had been put on plates and timescale had be gun it was noticed that some plates start to dry out which may be due to the media drying out so to overcome this this, the plates have to seal with parafilm to prevent from dry out. Furthermore, other notice when the plates rinsed with water, I noticed crystals formed in the media and this may be due to the temperature problem. Generally in the experiment there is no physical quantity can be measured with perfect certainty there are always errors in any measurement. For example, the systematic errors are due to poorly calibrated instrument observational for example, errors in judgment of an observer when reading the scale of a measuring device to the smallest division.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, this study has shown the successful colonisation of perennial ryegrass by three endophytic bacterial strains under controlled conditions. The Pseudomonas strains, L321 demonstrated efficient colonisation resulting in high population numbers within the plant tissues. Hence, none of the intr oduced strains showed any signs of pathogenicity towards their host plant and others tested. Many studies have shown that the colonisation levels in field trials are slight successful than those in laboratory trials. This is probably due to increased microbial competition and less favourable environmental conditions. Therefore, additional long-term field trials need to be carried out in order to gain a better understanding of the colonisation pattern and population dynamics of endophytic bacteria in the perennial ryegrass. If time permitted future work would include, the carrying out of plant biomass which is a time consuming method that involves drying of cells and to perform by weighing the dry and fresh weight of each plant.6. ReferencesBrown, R.H. and Kerry, B.R. (1987). Principles and Practice of Nematode Control inCrops. Academic Press, Sydney. 447 pp.Evans, D., Trudgill, D.L. and Webster, J.M. (1993). Plant Parasitic Nematodes inTemperate Agriculture. CAB International, Wal lingford. 648 pp.Luc, M., Sikora, R.A. and Bridge, J. (2005). Plant Parasitic Nematodes in subtropicaland Tropical Agriculture, 2nd edn. CAB International, Wallingford. 871 pp.Mai, W.F. and Mullin, P.G. (1996). Plant Parasitic Nematodes. A Pictorial Key toGenera, 5th edn. Comstock, London and Cornell University, Ithaca. 276 pp.Ahmad, F., Ahmad, I., Khan, M.S. 2008. Screening of free-living rhizospheric bacteria for their multiple plant growth promoting activities. Microbiol. Res. 163, 173-181.Barraquio W L, Ladha J K, Watanabe I. Isolation and identification of a N2 fixing Pseudomonas associated with wetland rice. Can J Microbiol. 198329867873.